242nd Medical Detachment Diary Index
1943: Introduction, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec 1944: Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec 1945: Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr
Introduction
NOTICE: Portions of this material may be disturbing to read or inappropriate for young children. It is a medical diary and some descriptions are written with a professional and clinical detachment while other sections are written with an appreciable sense of humor. Readers are further cautioned that this material may be considered extremely sensitive by veterans and their family members - treat it appropriately.
U. S. EIGHTH ARMY AIR FORCE First Bombardment Division
381st Bombardment Group
Medical Detachment Diary June 1943 to April 1945
Transcribed from microfilm by Dave Osborne
While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of this document, the task of copying text from old, ageing microfilm will inevitably lead to errors. Where the microfilm could not be read an omission is indicated by a series of dots or a question mark.
It is interesting to note that some of the spelling is in US English while other words are spelt in the British fashion.
MEDICAL HISTORY AAF STATION 167
This history is prepared in accordance with HQ Eighth Air Force Memorandum 25-16, beginning 4 June 1943.
INTRODUCTION:
In the compilation of this history, the day by day events have been largely ignored and have been only included when the events of the day have contributed some interesting fact or set of circumstances that might be contributory to the understanding of the medical history of the group.
The detailed description of the evolution of sanitary procedures, the treatment of combat crew casualties, the treatment of psychiatric casualties and problems of administration are presented in a general way using all the available data and facts and figures presented when helpful. After the presentation of most of the factual material there appears a commentary on current practices, procedures and suggestions on medicines which would probably make the medical department a more efficient and useful adjunct to the Air Forces.
Separate headings are presented which are complete studies and can be used without any reference to the remainder of the material presented.
The authors of this work are:
242nd MEDICAL DISPENSARY (AVIATION)
The squadron medical detachments are pooled to form one large detachment which renders medical service to all personnel on the station. Station Sick Quarters are located on a hill well away from the light line and easily available to evacuation from the base (AAF Site 14). Herein a located two wards, one for officers and one for enlisted men, a crash room for emergency surgical procedure, a sick call room, pharmacy, medical supply store room, a small laboratory, offices of the Surgeon and the administrative branch of the detachment and a decontamination center in duplicate arrangement.
The dental department is set up in the former WAAF Site Sick Quarters which is located in AAF Site 12. Here is also located an additional ward, which takes care of any overflow of patients from station sick quarters and which is used for cases of venereal disease and other contagious diseases.
The medical detachment operates as a psuedo-independent organization having its own living site for enlisted personnel. This is composed of two barracks adjacent to the main sick quarters installation. An acting detachment commander has been appointed through whom the enlisted men receive the duty assignments, passes, etc.
The medical service of the base has been divided into different categories with a specific officer in charge of each, for example, Captain Wymer has been designated Equipment Liaison Officer, acting as liaison between the medical Department and the group equipment office. In this way the status of the equipment is known at all times and a close check can be made of the various first-aid kits on the aircraft. So, too, in the case of base medical inspector, venereal disease control, respiratory disease control, etc.
Daily sick call is handled by all of the medical officers, as is the ward work, one officer being in charge of the wards for a week at a time. The medical officers rotate M.O.D. duties daily.
MISSIONS: Two flight surgeons attend each briefing and see the planes off on the mission. The medical department issues candy rations to each combat crew member going on the mission. Coffee and cookies are also given out before take-off by the ambulance drivers and first-aid men.
When the planes return from a mission, five ambulances are stationed at the control tower and the receiving end of the runway to receive casualties. At least two medical officers are present with these ambulances which, in addition to the regular first-aid kits, also have a surgical kit which can be used for emergency treatment.
June 1943
DIARY OF MEDICAL DETACHMENT – STATION #167
JUNE 1943
4 June 1943 – The medical detachment of the 381st BG, including HQ, 532nd Squadron, 533rd Squadron, 534th Squadron and 535th Squadron, arrived by train at AAF Station 167, after landing in the U.K. at a more northern post in Scotland, Firth of Clyde.
Station sick quarters had earlier been occupied by the R.A.F. 90 Squadron, and taken over by the 330th Service Squadron, 100th Service Group and HQ Squadron, HQ Squadron 318th Service Group, operated by the combined medical detachments of the above mentioned groups. The 381st Group Surgeon, Major Garfield P. Schnabel, who accompanied the flight echelon has not yet arrived at this station. Patients from the advance party were being cared for at the station sick quarters and several were admitted from the new arrivals at the station.
The physical layout is such that three Nissen huts with connecting hallways house a war containing 14 cots for enlisted men, and a smaller ward of three cots for officers. Only cases of minor illness or injury will be cared for in quarters if the duration of confinement is thought not to require longer than seven to ten days.
Roster of medical personnel as of this date.
Headquarters:
532nd BS:
533rd BS:
534th BS:
535th BS:
630th Service Squadron:
312th Service Group HQ:
OFFICERS
Medical
Dental
5 June – Major Hall, Surgeon 4th Bombardment Wing visited the station and outlined and discussed briefly the Medical Set-up and reports required in this Theater of Operations.
The detachment of the 12th Evacuation Hospital, Braintree, Essex Co., was visited in the afternoon for the purpose of learning the correct procedure of admitting patients requiring evacuation from base sick quarters.
6 June – Major Schnabel arrived this P.M. and took up the duties of Station Surgeon.
8 June – The greater portion of the flight echelon led by Lt Col Nazarro arrived this P.M.. It was a beautiful and welcome sight to see the formation.
10 June – Routine medical duties are proceeding smoothly, organization of the detachment has been satisfactory. Sick call has been set up and held daily in the following sites, in addition to the station sick quarters site (AAF 14); WAAF Site (AAF 12). First aid stations have been set up in the Picket Hut in each site and are to be manned during air raid alerts.
19 June – A case of scarlet fever of moderate severity was discovered in the ward containing other patients, who were immediately quarantined or isolated for seven days. New admissions were cared for in the auxiliary spaces of the decontamination center.
22 June – The first raid of the group was staged early this A.M., the target Antwerp, Belgium. Two aircraft with crews were missing in action and two aircraft which were severely disabled crash landed in England. Six members of Lt Martin Shenk’s crew were wounded in action and all were hospitalized at 12th Evacuation Hospital, Botesdale, Suffolk Co. One man, Sgt Kinley Lindsay, RWG 533rd BS, was admitted to our own sick quarters. Apparently only one man of the six hospitalized, received severe injuries. (Note) He died several days later of gas gangrene.
Sgt Arnold B. Lorick, TG, 533rd BS, was killed in action (30 cal through his neck) and his remains were returned to this station and will be forwarded to Brookwood Cemetery for interment.
T/Sgt Julius Cosby, TG, 535th BS, was returned in a state of acute emotional shock and admitted to sick quarters – sedative therapy instituted.
KEY
Name
Rank
Fate
PILOT
CO-PILOT
NAVIGATOR
BOMBADIER
TOP TURRET
RADIO OPERATOR
BALL TURRET
RIGHT WAIST
LEFT WAIST
TAIL GUNNER
MIA 532nd BS M/42-30016
Horr, Earl R.
1st Lt
POW
Roberts, William R.
2nd Lt
Griffiths, George P.
KIA
Hoover, Chester L.
Chapin, Glenn A.
S/Sgt
Mandell, Robert N.
Henry, Charles R.
Sgt
Hodson, Evert I.
Clark, Hubert R.
Jones, Arthur A.
MIA 533rd BS G/42-30021
Martin, John J.
Marsh, Robert J.
F/O
Long, Harry R.
Hoag, Wallace W.
Lantto, James S.
Goswick, Hugh F.
Fornaro, Leonard J.
Witts, Glenn W.
Hutchinson, John B.
Geary, William
COMPLETE LIST OF MEN WOUNDED IN ACTION:
23 June – During the process of loading 300lb bombs on B-17 of 533rd BS, a severe explosion occurred followed about 15-30 seconds later by another bomb explosion. The accident occurred about 11.08 hrs at dispersal #13.This was followed by a fire of severe proportion. Some 22 enlisted men, and one officer in a neighboring plane, were killed instantly, and one aged man, a British civilian construction worker, cycling past, was fatally wounded, dying a few minutes after arriving at station sick quarters.
One EM, Pfc Glenn W. Burkland, received a fractured leg, comminuted and compounded, was evacuated to SQ, where first aid was rendered and a Thomas leg splint was applied before evacuation to 12th Evacuation Hospital, Braintree. F/O Nutt and Lt Alexander, standing by the tail of an adjacent plane were blown to the ground and several yards from the plane, received blast injury, mild, to chest and sprained left ankle respectively, and were admitted to SQ. Also three other British civilians received minor abrasions.
A careful survey of the area involved revealed no living injured other than those listed above, and three others who received minor cuts and abrasions, who were cared for at SQ and returned to duty. As soon as the area was declared safe by the Ordnance Department, the work of removing and identifying the bodies and remains of bodies proceeded. This required many hours, and covered a large area surrounding the scene of the blast. Ten soldiers known to have been at the scene of the explosion have been unidentified and are accounted for. Thirteen bodies or portions of bodies of soldiers have positively, but the mutilation and charring of the remains made the task extremely difficult.
COMPLETE LIST OF 533rd MEN KILLED BY EXPLOSION
UNIDENTIFIED
IDENTIFIED
Smulowitz, Louis
Tull, Paul E.
Bohland, Arvin
T/Sgt
Kristapovich, Joseph
Ashcraft, Robert
Pfc
Harris, Elwood
Jerkins, Melvin
Cpl
Lintgen, James
Foerstal, Milton
Langolf, Christian
Fiamma, George
Egan, Michael
Feeley, Charles
Collins, Dennis
Allen, Roger
Sproha, Joseph
Neel, Joseph
Main, James
McDuffie, Guy
Bongiorno, Henry
King, James
Wilton, Charles
Madden, Elmer
Hunwick, John
Civ
Injured
Alexander, James
Sick Qtrs
Nutt, Joseph
W/O
"
Burkland, Glenn
Hospital
McCabe, Francis
Civilian
Hasty, James
Garwood, H. A
Early in the afternoon our planes went off on their second mission over occupied France. Due to the fact that our planes did not meet the rest of the group at the rendezvous point, they returned without reaching their target. There were no casualties, or deaths, with the exception of three men, all 534th BS S/Sgts, suffered first degree frost bites, hands: Robin Bassinger, Paul Gregory and Guy Phillips.
24 June – The remains of the victims were transported by two ambulances to Brookwood Cemetery, Surrey Co., for interment.
WAAF Site (#12) Sick Quarter occupied and scarlet fever contacts were removed to same.
25 June – Our third raid of the group took place today, with the following casualties. Destination: Hamburg.
MIA: 533rd BS E/42-30027
Schrader, Robert K.
Hamilton, John
Capt
Rogers, Edward J.
Samara, Edward
Cutting, William K.
Yarnell, William
Pruett, Cecil A.
Kurnafil, Stephen
Leidecker, Ted
Frisby, Lewis E.
WIA:
KIA:
S/Sgt Everett was on a plane that landed on a base near, Ely, Cambridge, and was removed to hospital at RAF Ely. The other two, received 2nd degree frost bite and have been grounded.
S/Sgt Charles Brinton, WIA three days ago, succumbed to gas infection which developed subsequently.
27 June – The fourth raid of the group took place today, destination: Paris, France. Due to heavy overcast, the planes were unable to see their target; therefore, they returned without dropping their bombs.
No men were MIA or KIA, but S/Sgt Shirley Coucher, 533rd ETTG was frostbitten and taken to sick quarters.
Quarantine was lifted on scarlet fever contacts.
28 June – The fifth mission was staged today, to St Nazaire, France. There were no MIA or KIA. But three men were WIA: Capt Landon Hendricks 533rd pilot; S/Sgt John Kapuska, 533rd ETTG; Sgt Daniel Vine, 534th TG.
Two medical officers, Capts Bland and Ralston, were flown to RAF aerodrome at Portreath, Cornwall, to take care of any wounded, as gas carried on the mission would not permit return to the home base. Fortunately, only very minor injuries were sustained and no aircraft were lost.
29 June – Sgt Robert H. Anderson, of the 7th Station Complement Squadron was accidentally and fatally shot with a Thompson sub-machine gun in the barracks this afternoon (shot by friend Sgt Miller).
The sixth raid of the group this PM, to Tricqueville, France, resulted in no casualties.
30 June – Group has been requesting for an additional officers’ ward in the sick quarters. This will then, when completed, give them additional space which is sorely needed.
July 1943
JULY 1943
1 July 1943 – The 82nd Headquarters and HQ Squadron establishment arrived from Station #109 today, with one medical officer, one medical admin officer and eight enlisted men. This squadron will replace the 312th Service Group HQ squadron, which is moving out.
Roster:
Enlisted Men:
Seven EM were promoted one rank.
3 July – The 312th Service Group HQ Squadron departed today. Transferred to 4th Wing.
4 July – One plane was lost in today’s raid to Le Mans, France, (7th) and the following crew members it carried are MIA. The remainder of aircraft and crews returned safely.
MIA 533rd W/42-29928
Ballinger, Olaf M.
EVD
Carah, John M.
McConnell, Paul H.
Williams, George W.
Lane, John K.
Gronstal, Byron J.
Wackerman, Albert
Bauscher, Harry W.
Owens, Francis E.
Howell, William C.
6 July – Bicycle accidents have been responsible for many minor injuries, also occasional serious injuries, requiring evacuation to a hospital, in past several weeks. The frequency of accidents is increasing almost beyond reason.
Lt Col Wright, Major Stone and Capt Sutton, HQ. Eighth Air Force Medical Dept. visited the base. Questions asked regarding progress and problems of Station #167 were asked and answered. Crash room inspected. Col Wright called on Col Nazarro before leaving station.
About 10.30 hrs many enlisted personnel began reporting to hospital with history of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. This continued on and off until about 24.00 hrs with a total of 25 to 30 cases. History of illness beginning about 14.30 hrs to 16.00 hrs, and associated with severe nausea and diarrhea more characteristic.
Thorough investigation of food problem at the Consolidated Mess for the noon meal was investigated. The meal consisted of Beef and Vegetable Stew, which was carrot and no evidence of spoilage existed; string beans, also canned, spinach and potatoes, steam cooked. There seemed to be a rumor of an addition of a small quantity of sausage (canned Vienna style) which were added at the last minute. The sausage was supposed to have been previously opened, whether this is actually the case, and when the can was actually opened is a problem to which no satisfactory answer is available.
7 July – All patients have come through their trouble in good shape. Except for two cases who seemed pretty well exhausted, there were complicating factors. No history of other possibilities regarding the food problem exists. Possibilities of dirty mess kits or faulty washing have been considered, also possibility of dirty containers used in serving food. No conclusions have been deduced, as the facts do not seem to bear out any single possibility or clue.
It has been decided to make entries of early sanitary inspections, whether of any scope or not, to have some idea of the condition of various places over a period of time. So little is being done to remedy the situation it is pitiful.
Site #6. Enlisted combat crew site ablution is very dirty. Paper and dirt are littered over the floor, toilets have not been scrubbed and no basins are present for washing. There is no hot water because no coal is available. Some coal shortage exists, and it seems that coal for heating water was removed by personnel living on the site for heating huts. Fuel sufficient for heating huts is not available at this time. Explanation for dirty conditions of huts and ablutions is that brooms, brushes, etc., are not available.
Site #3. Washroom has no hot water for same reason as above.
Site #7. Has no hot water as the containers have not been set up.
Communal Site. The bath house has very little hot water. Temperature of water was 80 degrees. Many of the showers are leaky, and it is presumed that much of the hot water leaks out as large quantities are being used. Showers are dirty and have not been scrubbed satisfactorily at any time.
10 July – Eighth raid of the group took place this morning over the outskirts of Turin, Italy. Target was so obscured, no bombs dropped. Major Schnabel accompanied group on mission.
11 July – Today Major Schnabel left to attend school at the Eighth Air Force Provisional Medical Field Service School, Station #101. He expects to be gone approximately two weeks. Captain Bland, 535th surgeon, was appointed acting group surgeon in his absence.
13 July – A Medical Board interview was held this morning to determine the sanity of Pvt WRR, 330th Service Squadron.
Members of the Board: Capt Milton H. Bland – president; Capt Louis G. Ralston – recorder; Capt Ralph M. Wymer.
Decision: 1 Sane; 2 Impression – constitutional psychopathic state; a pathological liar.
14 July – At approximately 00.30 and 03.30 hrs today, air raid alarms were sounded throughout the base. Enemy aircraft flew over and dropped bombs in the vicinity of this station, however, no bombs actually dropped on our base. The medical detachment assembled at the station hospital both times prepared for the emergency that night.
The ninth raid of the group took place this morning, destination being: Amiens-Glisy, France. One plane is Missing in Action.
MIA 535th R/42-30011
Holdom, Robert J.
Gravelyn, Robert
Bechter, William A.
Phillips, James A.
Coleman, William R.
Craver, William L
Pulliner, Raymond J.
Pryon. Morris E.
Fossan, Kenneth L.
Scollon, James B.
One 533rd BS plane exploded en route to the target – exact cause as yet unknown. This plane was flying over Rattlesden, Suffolk Co., when the explosion occurred. Six members of the crew were killed instantly, the other four members of the crew were blown out and parachuted to safety. These men were immediately removed to 12th Evacuation Hospital, Botesdale, near Diss, Norfolk Co., for treatment.
Two of the men, Potts, were put in quarters, and Hanna returned to full duty. The other two, Hamm and Cappel, were kept at 12th Evacuation Hospital for treatment.
Capt Bland went to Diss immediately with two ambulances to get the remains of the six deceased men. The party arrived back about midnight and the bodies were put in the morgue.
Exploded 533rd BS Q/42-3223
Hedin, Charles L.
K
Burroughs, William
Hamm, Donald F.
Inj
Cappel, Frank J.
Thomas, Vivian M.
Potts, Robert L.
McDonald, Stewart
Marhefke, Clifford
Hanna, Richard J.
OK
Cosmo, Edward J.
Major Renter, Dental Surgeon, Eighth Air Force, arrived today to visit the station. He seemed quite satisfied with the dental surgery being done at this station, however he felt that another dental surgeon was necessary.
15 July – Capt Pease took the bodies of the six deceased to Brookwood American Military Cemetery today.
16 July – The planes took off on their 10th mission today, destination: Hanover, Germany. There were no casualties, however.
18 July – Major Schnabel returned this date, and assumed command of the medical detachment. He was attending school at the Eighth Air Force Provisional Medical Field Service School, Station #101, for the past week.
19 July – Approximately 30 men, mostly from the new Military Police organization just arrived and a few from two bomb squadrons, reported attacks of mild diarrhea. No patient was seriously ill or suffered any particular discomfort. Symptoms were characterized by a moderately urgent diarrhea of some five to six times. No admissions were made to hospital. No sequels were present.
Lt Cohler surveyed the situation and felt that the meat brought in on the afternoon of 17th July and used at the noon and evening meals of the 18th was responsible. This meat comes frozen in 40lb packages and requires several hours to thaw out even after unwrapping. Hence it is felt that this is probably not the source, therefore a check of other possibilities brought no clues.
At approximately 14.30hrs today a red air raid alarm was sounded. Personnel of the medical detachment were already at their emergency first aid shelters rehearsing the medical defense plan, since a `dry run’ had been scheduled for the time. The white signal was given at 14.50. There was no enemy activity over this station.
20 July – The afternoon mail brought a report of water samples, taken July 7, from 1st Medical General Laboratory. Report states specimen was two days in transit, not potable bacteriologically, test reveals evidence of fetal contamination and colony count is very high.
Inquiring into the nature of collection revealed that the sample was obtained from the Consolidated Mess and no attempt was made to sterilize the tap before sample was taken. This, together with the delay in transit is believed to be the cause of the difficulty.
Thorough inspection of all mess halls was done earlier in the day. In general it is felt that a slight relaxation of efforts to maintain cleanliness has occurred. In general all waste containers were quite dirty, both inside and out, and no effort has been made for several days, at least, to wash them at all. Three containers at the Consolidated Mess were of such long standing that fermentation had taken place. Proper authority has been advised of this situation on several occasions. During past several days the weather has been mild, and hoards of flies are present at every mess hall. Fly spray is not available, and fly papers available in insufficient quantities.
In the officers mess, many personnel with long, dirty fingernails were found. The latrine was dirty, and vegetable and flour sacks were found on the floor. Requests were made to place these sacks on elevated platforms.
In the combat mess the store room floor was sloppy and the room dirty. Pot and pan room was very untidy, and several containers were very rusty. Latrine was very dirty.
At consolidated mess many personnel were found with long fingernails with such dirt beneath. One man serving meat was spearing the slice with a fork and washing it off with a rather dirty thumb. Garbage containers were very dirty, three with fermenting material, and hoards of flies hovering about the outside of the dirty containers. Many smoked hams, unwrapped, were piled in a sink, which happens to be in a room used as a storeroom.
21 July – Thorough investigation of the water and sewage disposal systems has been made and there is no evidence or reason to suspect there has been any breakdown in the system. Water lines have previously been tested to 80lb per square inch and have found to be adequate. The supply comes from an artesian well on the base and is not chlorinated. The system is overtaxed in that it is almost impossible to keep up with the demand. If the tank is filled during the night, and the pump operated continually during the day the demand is met, but the tank will have about one foot of water remaining at the end of the day.
There is a considerable particulate material running in the water at all times, and usually a light brownish color. It is felt that the supply from the well often becomes so low that a washing of the well bed occurs causing the discoloration and inspiration of the foreign material. A new well has been dug and pump house is now being erected. Pumping equipment is not available however, and a delivery date is yet uncertain. Additional samples of water have been submitted.
A board of officers was convened under the provision of Section VIII, AR 515-360, consisting of: Lt Col Ralph G. La Rue, AC – president; Major Garfield P. Schnabel, MC – medical officer; Capt Morton D. Joyce; appointed 19 July, by Par. 4, SO #27. HQ. Station 167, to determine and investigate whether or not Pvt WRR, 330th Service Squadron, should be discharged prior to expiration of his term of service. Board adjourned pending reports of psychiatrist, which was thought advisable in this case.
22 July – Additional water samples have been taken during the last few days and one sent to 1st Medical Lab., and the other to 121st Station Hospital, Braintree. Further investigation has not discovered any information that would lead to suspect difficulty arising from the water supply. Sewage disposal plant is working satisfactorily. Direct contamination is not thought to be a possibility as the well is on the highest portion of the base and well drained, and the disposal plant on a decidedly lower elevation and far from the water supply.
The Clerk of Works advised that the water supply is from an artesian well. At present it is not chlorinated. A purifier, softener and chlorine have been ordered, and that a delivery date has been established. No difficulty or illness has arisen since the receipt of the water sample report.
24 July – Lt Chadwick, MC, 1st Wing, made an inspection of mess halls and other storage. Recommendations – none. Consulted regarding water supply problems and no recommendations other than thorough investigation of system and testing of additional samples.
Board of Officers mentioned in entry of 21 July, reconvened to consider psychiatrist’s report and disposition of case of Pvt WRR. Psychiatrist reports finding of constitutional psychiatric state, inadequate personality and criminalism. Board recommend discharge under provision Section VIII, AR G15 – 360
The group participated in combat raid over enemy territory, the southeastern coast of Norway, Heroya, placing 21 ships in the formation. There were no abortions and 20 ships returned with no injured personnel. Lt Jones 535th BS failed to return. Information received later in the day via radio, indicated the ship landed in Sweden and the crew interned. The aircraft is known to have suffered considerable damage.
MIA 535th BS T/42-3217
Jones, Osce V.
INT
McIntosh, George B.
Guertin, Arthur L.
Nevius, Charles W.
Nicatra, Joseph
Haynie, James E.
Newcomb, Charles
Early, Shannon B.
Haugen, Alfred E.
Kelleher, Maurice M.
25 July – Group participated in raid over Hamburg, Germany, in which three ships failed to return, all from the 532nd BS. Capt Alexander’s ship was seen to turn back from a point described as being deep in German territory; Lt Moore’s plane was damaged, and part or all the stabilizer shot away. Whether crew members bailed out or not is not sure; Capt Owen’s ship was hit between #1 and #2 engines and seen to burst into flames. The smoke seemed momentarily to disperse then burst out again, involving the greater portion of the wing. It was believed the crew bailed out.
One crew member, S/Sgt Warren G. Heintz, a 532nd radio operator, returned in a critical condition, the result of anoxia. The same difficulty was experienced by the ball turret gunner and his oxygen system, and the RO was trying to help him out by passing bottles of OS. During the proceedings, the RO lost out and became himself, the victim of lack of oxygen. Upon arrival at the base, the patient was cyanotic, breathing shallowly, with weak pulse and unconscious, oxygen administrated improved his general condition. His hands were very cold, but not believed frozen. He was hospitalized.
MIA 532nd BS E/42-30013
Moore, William R.
Wendte, Dale G.
Dreiseszun, Philip P.
Houck, James H.
Usher, Edward W.
Ivey, John E.
Zahm, Edgerton P.
Fortier, William L.
Kralick, Joseph G.
Watkins, John M.
MIA 532nd BS Q/42-29976
Owen, Jack. H.
Bohan, William E.
Bascon, Liston A.
Ronzio, Frank
Rector, Kenneth K.
Slater, Roy L.
Winn, Charles K.
Lindenmeyer, Wm. E.
Asher, Clarence C.
Cummins, Robert L.
MIA 532nd BS /42-30153
Alexander, Joseph E.
Crowley, William C.
Wemmer, Jack W.
Hellman, Harold
Nance, James C.
Orin George H.
Garvan, Peter D.
Ferens, Walter F.
Heist, James E.
Johnson, George R.
26 July – Another raid was conducted over Hamburg, Germany, having a different target within the city area than in yesterday’s engagement. Twenty two planes took off, four spares returned and two aborted, plus 16 returned. No ships were lost.
Lt Sidney Novell, a 535th BS navigator, was struck in the astero-medial surface, left thigh, 6” below inguinal ligament, cutting the artery and vein and extending upward into the thigh towards inguinal ligament, by piece of flak 2” long by 3/8” to ½” diameter. Patient lived out short time.
Lt Lester, a 532nd bombardier, had his fingers frost bitten, the result of a break in the plexi-glass of the nose. This is not considered serious. Lt Roraback, a 534th navigator, was struck in face and eyes by plexi-glass from the nose. No damage to cornea was found, but there was severe bruising. Patient’s condition considered satisfactory.
27 July – T/Sgt Heintz, injured on 25th is gradually improving. It seems as if his speech is a little thick, which may be due to bruising of the tongue, and for cerebral involvement. The tongue shows some bruising on the tip and adjacent sides, and it is not known whether this is the result of freezing or biting. Several areas of the face and forehead have evidently suffered mild frostbite or suffered some bruising during his fall. Nothing of any importance. Lt Roraback’s condition is satisfactory, and he is comfortable.
28 July – The group participated in a raid scheduled to go to an installation near Kassel, Germany. The combat wing commander aborted the wing before the target was reached and the planes returned. There were no casualties.
Report of water sample sent to 121st Station Hospital, Braintree, collected 22 July, came this date. Reported potable bacteriologically.
29 July – Physical inspection of the command was conducted this date.
The group participated in a raid conducted over enemy territory at Kiel. Two members of Lt Tucker’s 534th BS crew were injured. S/Sgt James R. Klingenberger suffered a wound of the lateral surface, right leg above the ankle, while Sgt Grover S. Bonsall suffered a penetrating wound of the lateral surface right leg, 62 below knee joint and an abrasion of the right elbow. Both patients were injured as the result of an exploding 20mm cannon shell, and both were hospitalized at 121st Station Hospital, Braintree. Neither are considered critical.
One ship crash-landed at Snetterton Heath with mechanical difficulties and some ship damage. All planes have returned. One crew member suffered a frost bite of face, 2nd degree.
30 July – The group participated in a raid over Germany in which Kassel was bombed, the group leading the combat wing. Upon return, personnel reported very heavy enemy action from flak and fighters, and an examination of our planes certainly substantiated this. Two planes returned with feathered props, one with a tire blown out by cannon fire and one with the hydraulic system shot up and no brakes. One ship failed to return and one crew member was slightly injured.
MIA 532nd BS A/42-3100
Post, Robert F. (C.O.)
Major
Humason, Guerdon
Hames, Leroy N.
Tsialas, William G.
Kithcart, William H.
Parker, Albert L.
Fabiano, Frank
Anderson, Walter J.
Robbins, Harold E.
Casaly, Alfred
This raid was the sixth in seven days for the group, which is the heaviest operational schedule ever maintained. I feel the men have withstood the strain well and while very tired, are definitely not jittery. They need a rest and change now. Subsequent events will tell the story. The loss of the 532nd squadron commanding officer was a blow to this squadron particularly. I believe that they will be adjusted to the loss in a short time, however, they must have realized that some squadron CO would be next, sooner or later, if they continued to participate in raids. Probably the reason it did not happen before is because the frequency of participation has been regulated by official order.
August 1943
AUGUST 1943
1 August 1943 – Inspection made this A.M. of messes. Officer Mess & Club: Service court dirty, i.e. broken dishes and tin cans are piled in the corner, as well as scattered about garbage rack. Spillage of vegetable waste, coffee grounds and other garbage has made the area unsightly, latrine in the mess is not clean. Lavatory is encrusted with dirt, and toilet has not been scrubbed in some time. Storage rooms are clean and contents put away. Kitchen and dish washing room are satisfactory. China, glassware and utensils are clean.
Consolidated Mess: The floor throughout the entire kitchen is very sloppy, slightly greasy and slippery. It seems a failing or perhaps a mania to have the kitchen floor awash for the greater part of the time. On the floor near sink for washing pots and pans were two grease and waste filled containers which were extremely sloppy. Material emptied into the sides of the containers was on the floor. Floors on both sides of the eating portions were wet and sloppy to walk in. The food storage rooms were clean and dry and dry stuff put away. The meat preparation area was clean, except for a pool of bloody water in the center which had drained off the frozen meat and had not been removed.
Combat Crew Mess: This mess is in the process of being moved to the new communal site which is closer to combat crew personnel. This mess is not open today. Officers are fed at the Club and EM at the Consolidated Mess. The present Airmen’s Mess is to be used for a PX and bar for enlisted personnel.
2 August – Airmen’s Mess opened in the new Communal Site this morning. Some difficulty in getting settled down was experienced, but on the whole I think it was accomplished very smoothly. Facilities are a little better in that they are a little better arranged and more convenient. The long distance from the kitchen to the officers’ section has been eliminated.
4 August – There have been no operational missions since 30 July. Combat crews have been able to have leave and rest, and are now organized in training, test flights and ground schools.
Col. Strecter, Wing Surgeon, visited the station, accompanied by Lt Col Ryan, MC, and Major Davis, AC (Wing Inspector). The station hospital was thoroughly gone over by these officials, while the Consolidated Mess was visited next and a very unsatisfactory condition was found.
The officers then proceeded to the Airmen’s Mess in the new Communal Site, now operating on its third day. Conditions were deemed satisfactory for the short period of operation.
8 August – Inspections were made and the following found: latrine in briefing room is quite odoriferous, and pails poorly cleaned. No toilet paper. Latrine near operations building was also dirty, paper and trash on the floor, toilets and wash basins not washed and no toilet paper.
Combat mess is running much more smoothly and facilities are better that at former location. Dispersal is considerable confusion about service entrance. In general, the mess was clean. Dirty lined was piled in a hamper in one storage room, but overflowed onto the floor and had considerable odors.
Consolidated mess shows a great deal of litter and poor co-ordination. The floor was sloppy and wet, making a great deal of muddy tracks all over the kitchen and supply section. Garbage was poorly separated, particularly metal, paper and glass.
Large shower building in communal site needed policing. Many showers were leaking, and hot water temperature was low. Recommendation has been submitted for use of shower building in new communal site.
Officers mess was in fair condition. Latrine was dirty (I have never seen it clean). Some silverware and china were greasy and dirty. Dish washing room was untidy with lots of rags and utensils laying around.
10 August – Lt Vernon Chadwick visited the station and went over the mess hall for possible cause of the occasional diarrhea. Washing the men wash some kits it appears that there is very little being done towards thoroughly washing the kits. Not enough soap suds are in the water, and it is not of a suitable temperature. The dish washer was operating at 180 degrees, and personnel were introducing cold water for increasing the pressure of the machine. Whether this is a default or a poor operating procedure remains to be seen.
11 August – A few officers eating in the Combat Mess developed diarrhea this morning about 04.30 hrs. The evening meal in the Combat Mess was blamed (as usual). The meal consisted of meat and vegetable stew, a canned preparation shipped from the States, potatoes, creamed peas, jam, bread and butter, and cooked desserts. The meat dish was prepared during the afternoon and served at the 18.oo hrs meal. I am unable to find any item of the diet to which a cause might be assigned. So far as I am able to ascertain, no other eating or drinking factors are involved. Thorough inspection of the mess does not bring anything revealing. It is possible the dishwasher is being operated at a temperature inconsistent with proper sterilization. A temperature of 100 degrees minimum is recommended. The Combat Mess itself was in good shape.
The Consolidated Mess has improved since yesterday. The floor is a little sloppy making a poor appearance. Store rooms were clean, but some mess personnel were dirty; dirty clothing and fingernails. One man, who was cooking meat was wearing an apron approaching a black shadow.
The Officers mess was untidy due to the installation of an additional sink. Several latrines was untidy in general with shower heads leaking.
During the later afternoon and evening of the 10th, the water was unusually cloudy having a brownish color. The men thought that this was the source of the diarrhea, particularly in light of the numbers of probably 25 to 30 from all four squadrons were affected.
12 August – The diarrhea outbreak hit around 75 officers and men all told, and they reported on sick call, while other combat crew men were in serious difficulty on today’s mission.
The water which was cloudy had cleared considerably. Additional samples were sent for analysis from No 2 and No 6 Sites and the Communal Site.
This group participated in a raid over Germany this morning, involving the Ruhr Valley industries. Returning ships reported heavy flak, but weak fighter attack and extremely cold weather. Temperatures of –38 degrees indicated at briefing was said to have been reached, and 16 crew members have frost bite of the fingers and/or toes; from 1st to 2nd degree. No severe or necessarily partial froze the right side of one man’s neck, sustaining 2nd degree burns. No other injuries were reported.
Three ships failed to return:
MIA 532nd T/42-5847
Moon, Theodore D.
Hamer, James W.
Pritz, Stephen J.
McNichol, Bernard
Ernharth, John F.
Fleming, Michael
Wheeler, John L.
Alsheimer, Wilbur
Wood, Howard F.
Mattfield, Paul A.
MIA 534th D/42-29954
Wroblicka, William
Neeley, Claude E.
Harris, David E.
Schneider, Lester
Labusheivicz, Joseph
Smith, Fred M.
S/sgt
Jonson, Edwin M.
Kratzner, John L.
Phelan, John C.
Cecil, Walter R.
MIA 535th N/42-29950
Evans, Fred G.
Robbins, Joseph K.
Lander, John F.
Watkins, Clarence
Dodge, Charles G.
Kern, Herbert R.
Messler, Walter V.
Miller, Charles C.
Doll, Stuart A.
Hackett, Kenneth L.
13 August – The Wing Surgeon was called and advised of particulars regarding the diarrhea, which was causing so much trouble with combat crews. Explanation of efforts made and findings were reported. Requests for any suggestions brought promises of help.
Capt Sutton, Eighth AF Medical Inspector and Maj R.R. Cleland, 60HQ, S.O.S., Chief Surgeons office, arrived about 15.00 hrs. After talking over the entire situation, and inspection was made of the Consolidated and Combat Messes. It was of the opinion of the consultants that several factors were involved.
Firstly, the problem is one of food. This involves the use of leftovers, a questionable condition, uncleanliness of mess personnel, dirty clothes, improper disposal of wastes, and improper washing of dishes and utensils. Secondly, the water is not above suspicion but not believed to be the prime factor.
The following recommendations are being made:-
14 August – About 14.00 hrs Capt Sutton and Major Cleland called per ‘phone, stating they had reports of our last water sample which was `Bad’ but no comparison of previous reports was given. As an emergency measure chlorination by addition of bleaching powder to the water was recommended. This was to be done by adding about 3 pounds per day on basis of 60,000 gallon tank, to be added in three operations throughout the day, one pound in each side at 06.00 hrs, 12.00 hrs and 20.00 hrs. One pound was placed in each side of the tank at 16.15 hrs.
15 August – A chlorine testing set is not available at this station, hence no estimate of the chlorine content can be made. Several times during the day samples of water were taken at various sites, and the odor of chlorine was present. The quantity was not sufficient to produce noticeable alteration of taste.
The group participated in an air raid this afternoon late, over an aircraft works just outside Brussels, Belgium. 23 planes took off, two aborted, and 21 returned. Bombs were not dropped, due to poor visibility.
16 August – The group participated in a raid over enemy territory, bombing an aircraft installation near Paris. 20 planes took off, none aborted and all returned. Crew members reported a good pattern over the target area.
17 August – The group took part in a raid over enemy territory, in this case going to Schweinfurt, the deepest raid over German territory so far. Flak was reported as light but fighter opposition extremely heavy; 26 planes took off, one aborted and 11 failed to return. One ship ditched in the North Sea and the crew subsequently rescued. Moral was particularly low this evening on return, particularly as soon as stories were compared and total losses realized.
MIA 532nd BS -/42-29731
Jarvis, Leo
Nancinelli, Eugene
Riley, Richard F.
Lockhart, William
Loren, Alg’n (534th)
Beynand, Harold
Persinger, Charles L.
Stecher, Harry L.
Grossman, Herman E.
Roehl, James E.
MIA 532nd V/42-30140
Painter, Jack B.
Nelson, Robert E.
Keays, William J.
Duke, Lloyd L.
Kowalski, Matthew B.
Balentine, Wm. C.
Kellogg, Allen P.
Genz, Raymond A.
Whitman, Norman G.
Ragan, Everett B.
Mizell, James C..
MIA 533rd BS T/42-3092
Hudson, James C.
Grant, William R.
Delaney, Ronald T.
Robinson, Kenneth E
Vaughn, Edward R.
Pinsky, David
Vaughn, John M.
Wakefield, James A.
Thueson, Ford W.
Doyle, George A.
MIA 533rd X/42-29983
Atkinson, Challen P.
Dulberger, Murray
Frieberger, Fred
Marks, Julian M.
Hanna, Ricahrd J.
Kaska, Stanley C.
McGoldrick, James C.
Katsarelis, Peter A.
Goss, Hubert A.
Hyk, John
MIA 534th F/42-29978
King, Reinhardt M.
Peeples, Henry C.
McGlynn, Edward S.
Petrillo, Francis A.
Floura, Cecil L.
Unger, Maynard W.
Pollard, Albert A.
Mann, Julius D.
Dwyer, Robert E.
Lyons, Joseph R.
MIA 534th H/42-30028
Wright, Neil H.
Rogers, Jack W.
Haverkamp, Cliff. M.
Stracotenko, John M.
Allen, Earl R.
Sowell, Walter F.
Egliski, Paul J.
Bingenheimer, Ralph
Hill, James R.
St Michael, Wilfred
MIA 534th G/42-3227
Forkner, Hamden L.
Kelly, Joseph A.
Hyatt, Robert E.
Vincent, Edwin L.
Shipe, Paul F.
Shattuck, Chester E.
Stease, Ralph E.
Sobelewski, Edward
Horton, Harry H.
Chew, Lin F.
MIA 534th L/42-30245
Simpson, Weldon
Agler, Eldon H.
Mee, William H.
Roraback, Douglas
Warwick, Russell L.
Edwards, Robert L.
Beech, Frank M.
Gregory, Paul A.
Bassinger, Robin L.
Beasley, Chester J.
MIA 535th V/42-3225
Disbrow, Loren C.
Chapin, Allen J.
Jones, David R.
Gaydos, George
Bruzewski, Otto F.
Moore, Thomas R.
Walters, Joseph J.
Moulton, John H.
King, Ernest C.
Kiniklis, W. P
MIA 535th M/42-3220
Smith, Harry M.
Hawkins, Samuel J.
Noonan, John P.
Quinn, Lloyd W.
Lischke, Judd
Sylvester, Tony A.
Jupin, John
Elsberry, John V.
Blake, Harold L.
Colborn, Robert L.
Personnel in the ditched crew were uninjured, and picked up after about one hour, 15 minutes, their aircraft, 532nd -/42-29735, having sunk. They were: F/O George Darrow; 2nd Lt John Howcroft; 2nd Lt Ralph Waldman; 2nd Lt Philip Rofosa; S/Sgt Carl Hartnett; T/Sgt Jack Kaufman; S/Sgt Clarence Jones; S/Sgt James Baker; S/Sgt Richard Morrison; S/Sgt Paul Howard.
18 August – F/O Darrow and crew returned to this station after being rescued from their ditching. All appeared to be in good shape and were certainly being plied with questions from every side.
Capt Dosier, MC, epidemiologist from Surgeons Office, S.O.S., arrived at this station during the morning. He was conducted through the Consolidated mess by Lt. Col. Read, and arrived at the hospital just before noon. His appearance, it seems, was due to request from the Chief Surgeons Office, S.O.S., for help with our diarrhea outbreak.
The entire past history, i.e., outbreaks, food and water problems, mess halls, food handlers, etc., was re-hashed. The water tank and well area was inspected. The Combat Mess was done over, and the following difficulties noted: (a) wiping silverware with dishcloths; (b) Handling food with hands when unnecessary, (c) Dirty tables in kitchen and in meat room.
The Consolidated Mess was done over thoroughly and thought to be lacking in several aspects. Deficiencies noted: (a) Dirty floors; (b) Dirty tables in kitchen, mess halls and meat room; (c) washing of mess tables with chlorine solution instead of hot, soapy water; (d) Cooks without shaves; (e) Dirty and long fingernails in food handling in more than half those present; (f) Delay in emptying of waste, causing flies to congregate; (g) Dirty clothes on mess personnel.
Capt Dosier feels the problem is not one of water, but of mess hall trouble in which the features mentioned in the preceding paragraph are involved. He does not explain, however, the discrepancy between the reports from the 1st Medical Laboratory which shows Coli-Acrogenes, and those from 121st Station Hospital which show none.
No operational mission today as most crews are on pass.
19 August – The group participated in a raid over enemy territory late this afternoon presumably over Holland. Seven ships were sent out, one aborted, and one, with a mixed crew, failed to return. There no other injuries.
The loss of this latest ship seems to have the surprising effect on the combat crewmen, presumably because it was supposed to be an easy one. The line of reasoning, I presume is to the effect that if losses can be sustained on the simple ones, what chances has anyone on the others.
MIA 533rd /42-3010
Koenig, Orlando H. +
Mangapan, Joseph L.
Spivey, Leonard L. +
O’Loughlin, Edwd.
Perkins, Leo I. +
Everett, Arthur L. +
Buran, Walter J. +
Chester, Russell
Jones, Wilbert G. +
Sabourin, Eugene A.
+ 535th BS
H2H powder was increased ¾% in each side of the tank three times a day on August 18. No testing set is available and it could not be tested as scheduled in samples. The additional supply produced the desired results.
20 August – The mission scheduled for today was scrubbed. Part of the group are on pass, red., relatively inactive as far as duty is concerned. The commander of one aircraft was present when his navigator was mortally injured, since then I have learned that insinuations have been made that had he been on the ball, the man’s life might have been saved. I personally re-assured the man the day following the accident that such was not the case, but apparently is has been a factor. The whole crew is leaving on a 48 hr pass and interview will be made on their return.
The men of the combat crews are as a whole depressed over the events of the past few days, as are the rest of us. Colonel Nazarro gave them a talk this morning in which he stressed the aims of the Air Force, together with the situation of the men existent at this time, and the necessity of pursuing the effort. In addition considerable information of informative and military statistical value more given to the crew members more clearly appreciate the entire picture.
In addition it was pointed out their association, now in the hands of the enemy, would certainly not appreciate our inactivity, in as much as each effort, though small, shortens their restriction. This produced a line of thought not heretofore encountered and started new thinking and rationalization. It is my belief that with this new thought and necessity for continuing the push, we will have little trouble. Unquestionably, any loss will be a costly one to the group at this time. If, however, it is a means to an end, I believe they will feel duty bound to do whatever they are called on to do.
21 August – No mission scheduled today as weather is unfavorable. The mess halls have been inspected daily, three times at meal times by a medical officer assigned to that mess hall. In them all the situation has improved. There is still a great difficulty in properly operating the dishwater, that in maintenance of high temperature, sufficient soap and inspection, the rejection of dirty plates. Garbage is still not hauled away promptly in all cases and maggots were found in one can today. It appears to be a process of constant cleaning and re-checked.
Water samples sent to 1st Medical Lab., collected 9 August and four days in transit was reported bacteriologically potable. No new outbreaks of diarrhea have occurred since the seventh. A few sporadic cases, three I believe, have occurred and each one was thought due to dietary indiscretion.
24 August – A raid over enemy occupied territory conducted this date in which the group furnished seven ships. One aborted and five returned. The sixth ran short of gas, landed on the south coast, re-gassed and came home. No injuries. The target was and airfield and repair installation at Villacoublay.
There has been an improvement in the morale this evening after all ships returned. Many of the men show evidence of being quite tired, although still eager. A definite lessening of enthusiasm is noticed. Arrangements were completed to have a pilot, who ditched in the Channel, sent to 5th General Hospital for Marconi’s Therapy. He has been increasingly nervous with loss of sleep since the experience. He was flown down during the afternoon. Three officers were to leave for Bournemouth, Hampshire, the R.R.C.’s, (Rest & Recuperation Center) Officers Club, for a few days rest, tomorrow.
Lt Col T.I. Badger, MC., Chief of Medical Section, 5th General Hospital, visited the station presumably to meet Colonel Tracy. He was conducted over the base, saw a few patients and seemed to enjoy the visit.
25 August – No missions have been scheduled today. Five new crews who have recently arrived are being flown locally.
Col R.J. Tracy, M.O., Surgeon, Eighth Bomber Command, was a guest of the station today. He was accompanied by Dr Bronx, a technical advisor on Gen Grant’s staff, for flying equipment problems. The Colonel and the Doctor were conducted over the station and inspected the W.A.A.F. Site Infirmary and Station Hospital.
Lt Vernon Chadwick, VC, inspected the consolidated and airmen’s messes this morning just before noon. In the consolidated mess the dishes were extremely dirty and had the appearance of being washed in water not sufficiently hot and an inadequate quantity of soap.
The garbage cans at the airmen’s mess were clean, but three had a considerable quantity of bread that was perfectly edible. This waste was called to the attention of the mess sergeant who explained it by stating that unless the K.Ps, were watched closely, they would throw bread away.
26 August – The raid scheduled for this morning was scrubbed after the planes were off the ground and headed for the Initial Point. All returned OK to base.
Colonel White, D.C., ETO Dental Surgeon and Major Rueter, D.C., Eighth Air Force Dental Surgeon visited the station. The hospital was looked over and dental clinic inspected and photographed under Col White’s direction. These officers were impressed with the improved set up necessitated by lack of equipment.
29 August – Raid scheduled over north eastern France this afternoon for a 17.00 hrs take off. Ten planes were sent out, none aborted and ten returned. Light fighters and flak attack were reported. Morale was high upon return. I believe the morale is increasing gradually now and new crews are keeping this too. I am convinced that operational fatigue was to have been a problem for some time to come, were it not for the intensive loss. Up to that point I am sure there was no higher morale and spirit in the Air Force. The Schweinfurt raid was so ghastly from the severity of the fighter attack, most personnel surviving feel they are living on borrowed time.
It is impossible for them to see how many heavy aircraft could possible get through such a dense fighter attack. As time goes on and the tension eased through comparatively easy missions, the situation is noticeably better. If the group could be built up to strength in men and ships, I am sure the most rapid recovery would be produced. A half-empty dining room is a rather sinister reminder.
31 August – In a raid over Northern France the group sent a small number of planes. All returned from the mission, and there were no injuries.
September 1943
SEPTEMBER 1943
2 September – A late afternoon raid was scheduled over enemy occupied France, but this was scrubbed before reaching the French coast and all planes returned.
There is a considerable improvement in morale during the past week, operational flights have been comparatively easy and no casualties or losses resulted. This has increased the feeling of confidence a great deal. Lt Baltrusaitis and crew returned from seven days leave. The officers went to Bournemouth on the south coast. Reports of rest and recreation in large quantities came from all officers, who heartily endorse this club. These men appear refreshed and have profited by the leave.
3 September – The group participated in a raid over enemy territory, occupied France, this afternoon. Leaving the base about 06.00 hrs the return was made shortly after 11.00 hrs. Twenty two ships went out, and 18 returned. A call was received from one ship, and two others landed on coastal airfields for gasoline. One ship is unaccounted for. It is believed 10 chutes were seen leaving the ship.
MIA 535th Y/42-29789
Zum, Benjamin J.
Hoover, Charles H.
Willis, John W.
Clark, Luther C.
Italiano, Robert W.
Myers, Edwin B.
Terry, Floyd H.
Bang, Charles F.
Crocittio, Frank J.
Christofero, Ferdinand
Two crew members were wounded. Both were in the nose of the same ship, into which a small caliber bullet penetrated the nose. The navigator was injured by penetration of multiple fragments of the bullet into the lateral surface, left leg. The bombardier suffered a perforating wound of radial aspect, left hand, medial border, between 5th metacarpal and medial aspect.
5 September – There have been no raids since the 3rd , but today 21 ships were sent to raid a factory in Stuttgart, Germany, a round trip of 1,350 miles. Two ships aborted and 11 returned to this base on schedule. The remaining eight landed elsewhere because of fuel shortage and two crash landed in southern England. No crews were lost and there were no casualties.
Major Garfield P. Schnabel was relieved of his duties as Station Surgeon today,. Major Ernest Gaillard Jr., arrived at this station and assumed command of the Medical Detachment this date, contained in:- par 5 SO 211, par 4, HQ VIII Bomber Command, as of 2 September 1943.
7 September – Seventeen aircraft took off for Brussels, Belgium, the target being an airfield. Two ships aborted and the remaining 15 returned safe to base with no casualties.
A meeting of Medical Officers was held in the afternoon and the general policies of the department were outlined. The following assignments were made:- Capt Pease – Medical Inspector; Capt Ralston – Venereal Disease Control Officer; Capt Wymer – Respiratory Disease Control Officer; Lt Fick – Detachment Commander.
The chief deficiencies that have been found are:- A lack of proper base sanitation partially due to inadequate equipment and secondly, the lack of training of the enlisted Medical Dept., both military and professional.
9 September – Twenty one aircraft from this group took off for a target airdrome, at Lille, France. Two ships aborted and the remainder returned safely to base. There were two men injured, namely:- Abramo, Nicholas J. S/Sgt, 533rd BS, BTG; diagnosis – 1. Wound penetrating, severe, right foot, entrance on the plantar surface of the foot, over the cistal heads of the 3rd, 4th and 5th metatarsals. The wound is just over an inch in length on the plantar surface, and a pinpoint wound on the dorsal surface, 1” proximal to the metatarsal phalangual joint; 2. Accidentally incurred while on an operational mission over enemy territory by flak, low velocity, about 00.30 hrs
Dills, Marvin K. 2nd Lt 533rd BS, CP; diagnosis – 1. Wound, penetrating, mild, chest, anterior, at the level of 4th rib, left, mild, clavicular line, accidentally incurred while on an operational mission over enemy territory, 00.15 hrs; 2. Abrasion, mild, face, one inch anterior to left ear, at temporal region, accidentally incurred as in #1.Removal of a piece of flak under novocaine anesthetic at 12.00 hrs upon return.
One ship returned with 60 flak holes and a rudder cable shot away. No casualties aboard this ship which returned safely.
Capt Wymer was appointed Medical Liaison Equipment Officer and Capt Bland appointed Director of Training of Medical Detachment.
Major Shuller, 1st Wing Surgeon, visited this date and was especially concerned over passes for crew members and stated that the 381st was at the bottom of statistical list in number of leaves granted and he also remarked that a week of leave or a similar period at a rest home.
The Clerk of Works discussed water and sewage systems and a series of bacteriological reports on the possibilities of the water. The effluent from the sewage system is to be measured daily by this office and when sufficient data has accumulated reports will be made to the R.A.F. Section Officer.
Col Reed was informed of the stagnant area that begins opposite Base Utilities and extending down to the sewage disposal system and stated that he would have the corrections according to recommendations.
15 September – Nineteen aircraft took off at 13.15 hrs today for a raid on an airdrome at Romilly-sur-Seine, France. Two of the aircraft aborted, but no ships were lost. The mission was eventful in that it was the first time that the group carried external bombs. Two 1,000 pounders were carried on the outside and the total bomb load was 8,000 pounds – the heaviest load yet carried. The ships returned after dark and used the night lighting facilities for the first time.
The destruction of the hangars at the target airdrome was considered satisfactory, there were no wounded or killed. Three ships returned to England and landed safely at R.A.F. airfields in southern England, and the remainder returned safely to this base.
16 September – Twenty aircraft as part of the First Combat Wing had as a target, a ship in the river at Nantes, France. The mission was considered unsuccessful. Two ships aborted and the remainder returned safely to this base.
The wounded and their injuries were as follows:
Downey, Martin H., 2nd Lt, CP 534th BS: 1. Wound, lacerated, moderate severity, right forearm, involving posteria lateral surface, middle third, 3 ½ inches long, and involving skin subcutaneous tissue, facial and muscle, accidentally incurred by flak of low velocity while on operational mission over enemy territory about 18.00 hrs. WIA taken to 121st Station Hospital, Braintree.
Milligan, Walter F., T/Sgt, WG 533rd BS: 1. Wound, penetrating, severe, at outer aspect of middle thigh of right thigh, of high velocity 20mm cannon shell sustained over enemy territory; 2. Wound, penetrating, high velocity, at lower back region at level of crest of ilium, severe, sustained as above; 3. Wound, penetration multiple, moderate severity, low velocity, outer aspect of dorsum of right ankle, sustained as above. Taken to 121st Station Hospital, Braintree.
Horne, Emery M., S/Sgt TG 533rd BS: 1. Wound, abrasion, mild, middle and lateral surface of right thigh, 2 inches long, accidentally incurred by flak of low velocity while on operational mission; 2. Wound, lacerated, mild right lumbar region, as above. Returned to duty after treatment at Base Hospital.
Paterno, Vincent A., S/Sgt ETTG 533rd BS: 1. Wound, perforating, severe, right shoulder, entrance at the upper and lateral border of scapula and exit at the anterior border of deltoid at upper 1/3rd of humorus, accidentally occurred on operational mission over enemy territory, about 16.30 hrs; 2. Wound, penetrating, mild, multiple, of right arm, as above. Taken to 121st Station Hospital, Braintree.
The difficulties encountered in their evacuation, were overcrowding at the ships during the evacuation and lack of sufficient numbers of medical department soldiers to handle litters and give necessary aid etc. We will attempt to eradicate this in the future having four men assigned to each ambulance and each man will wear a brassard for identification as medical personnel by the Military Police.
Visitors to the Medical Department included Lt Col Hatcher, CO of the 121st Station Hospital, Braintree; Lt Col Rogers, Chief of Surgical Services and Lt Howard, ANC, with the station and stated that they were more acutely aware of the function of a Bomb Group and in particular the medical problems that confront us.
Lt Clark, SO, Eastern Base Section, was here to inspect the sewage disposal system and a sample of effluent was sent there. Lt Chadwick, VC, Station #169, made a sanitary inspection of messes with Capt Pease, expressing satisfaction as to our sanitary condition. The Medical Department recommended basic changes in the field ration we are now receiving. It was suggested that a higher protein and lower carbohydrate diet be supplied.
A dance at the Officers Club was held in the evening and was for the first time Medical Officers and nurses from our own station hospital.
17 September – There was a briefing of crews at 10.00 hrs but the mission was scrubbed at 12.00 hrs.
Capt AB (who shall be nameless) reported to Capt Bland and stated that he did not wish to go on the mission. He further stated that he had ideas of homicide and suicide. Since the Schweinfurt mission of 17 August, Capt AB says he has not slept well and feels the odds are overwhelmingly against the individual in raids over German territory. He was interviewed by me, he was quite introspective and downcast, quiet and stated he had no desire whatsoever to get near a B-17 and that he was not equal to go on this raid. It is rather hard to decide whether it was feeling for personal safety or the weight of the responsibility of leading the group into combat that was responsible for his attitude. It was pointed out to him that he was one of the leaders in the group and that the personnel looked to him for direction and guidance, and further that personal failure on his part would have a disastrous effect upon the squadron and very likely on the group as a whole.
He finally agreed somewhat reluctantly to go to the briefing. The Group Surgeon spoke to Col Nazzaro and gave him the gist of the conversation outlined above and the Colonel put the issue of going on the mission squarely to Capt AB who agreed to go much easier than would have been anticipated. It is the feeling of myself and Capt Bland that another mission is indicated to restore confidence. (Capt AB has led seven missions to date since Schweinfurt) and that following the mission a period of rest is indicated. It is also our feeling that unless this procedure is carried out Capt AB will be lost to us as a combat flier. In the meantime we are going to use our utmost to incur adequate sleep.
A meeting of the Medical Department enlisted men was held and the recommendation that four men would be assigned to each ambulance to evacuate wounded returning from missions was made and that another table be placed in the treatment room for the care of casualties. Brussards will be worn by ambulance personnel on the airdrome. The other subjects discussed were the cleaning and pressing establishments, medical recreation room, medical department dance, and discipline. The medical department men are commended on the efficient manner of handling casualties on yesterday’s raid.
19 September – Lt Col Ralph L. Wicks, Flight Surgeon of the 38th Fighter Wing, and Major W.P. Bunting, Group Surgeon of the 385th Bomb Group and Great Ashfield, visited the detachment.
20 September – The staff attended a medical meeting and a symposium the hepatitis at 121st Station Hospital, Braintree. The chief things of interest were, that the disease we have called infectious jaundice and the jaundice resulting from an injection were felt to be the same disease entity. The disease is thought to be due to a virus. It has been transmitted by nasal solutions, by respiratory droplet, and by saline emulsions from autopsied livers. Its incidence has increased in wartime and in periods of economic stress, and is felt to be due in part, at least, to a decrease in the protein content. The treatment that was advocated was the use of fairly large amounts of cosein digest which when given early seems to ameliorate the disease considerably. In the case of arsenical hepatitis it is felt that the amino-acid medicals were used to detoxify the arsenic, consequently a high protein diet is indicated for the luetic patient.
22 September – Major Gaillard and Capt Bland attended a meeting of the E.T.O. Medical Society at the 67th General Hospital, at Taunton, Somerset. The topics discussed were on low back pain, fractures of the femur, line of duty, fetal circulation, knee joint derangements, dyspepsia, transfusion in the field, some cardio-vascular concepts for military service, and last the use of penicillin in the treatment of gonorrhea. We were somewhat disappointed in the professional side of the meeting. A batch of medical officers were transported to and from the meeting by air, which we felt is a good liaison policy.
At 19.15 hrs a plane was seen to explode in the air, north west of this station. Capt Pease, Lt Cohler and three ambulances left immediately for the site of the crashed plane which was located at Poplar Farm, about six miles north west of the field. The plane was an R.A.F. Stirling which had previously taken off from Stradishall, just over the Suffolk border, on a combat mission. The plane and its occupants were spread over an area of about 500 yards and parts of the burning plane hit a nearby farm house causing a severe fire of the house. In the midst of the burning incendiary bombs and unexploded 1,000 pound bombs, the members of this station proceeded to evacuate the bodies of the R.A.F. personnel. One member was still alive, although unconscious, severely injured, and had an apparent skull fracture. He was immediately evacuated and taken by R.A.F. ambulance to hospital in Cambridge. His condition at present is unknown. Five other members of the crew, all dead, were turned over to the R.A.F. personnel. The cause of the crash was not determined.
25 September – Eleven aircraft from this group, flying as part of the combat wing, attacked shipping and docks, at Nantes, France, with good results. Of the 20 that took off for the mission, six were unable to find the rendezvous point, there were two abortions, and one aircraft went over the target with another group.
All of our aircraft returned and there was only one wounded in action: 1st Lt Frank J. Shimek, Nav 532nd BS; 1. Wound, penetrating, mild, lacerated at junction of middle and lower right leg.
26 September – Twenty aircraft from this command left the field at 14.45 hrs to attack an aircraft factory north west of Paris, France. Two returned early before crossing the Channel. The remaining 18 returned with full bomb loads because of poor visibility. The combat wing was led by Col Nazzaro and Lt Col Dunlop.
The following men were wounded: S/Sgt Harold W. Harrington 535th BS, BTG. 1. Frostbite, mild, tips of right thumb, index and middle fingers; 2. Reason: Filter valve on oxygen bottle froze on refilling and was using bale out bottle. On getting bottle back into turret, lead cord on heating unit became severed.
Sgt John S. Channell, 535th BS, TG. 1. Frostbite, 2nd degree, chin and both cheeks, molar region. 2. Reason: Oxygen mask froze to face.
S/Sgt Charles L. Carter, 534th BS, TG. 1. Frostbite, severe, lower jaw.
S/Sgt Hubert Greene, 533rd BS, WG. 1. Frostbite, slight, lower left jaw, right upper cheek.
S.Sgt Alex Pazalgowski, 532nd BS. 1. Frostbite, 2nd degree, central right mandible, and 1st degree, right molar region.
27 September – The target for today was Emden, Germany, and the M.P.I. was the center of the town near the shipping facilities. Nineteen aircraft from this command participated, with one abortion, 17 aircraft returned safely to the base on schedule, while the 18th landed at Great Ashfield, Suffolk, home to the 385th BG, with wounded aboard. The ship was hit by many fighters just beyond the target area. The two waist gunners stated the aircraft which hit them came in level and between the fields of fire of the waists guns and tail guns. The time of the injury was around 10.10 hrs.
Major Gaillard and Capt Bland went to Gt Ashfield and upon arrival S/Sgt James J. Dunn was in impending sleep. His injuries were as follows: Wounded at 10.10 hrs, morphine grs ½ at 10.15, another ½ gr at 10.25. The wound was dressed and sulfanilamide placed in the wound by the other waist gunner, who himself was wounded.
The ship landed at 12.00 hrs and at 14.00 plasma was started. At 15.15 S/Sgt Dunn received 720cc of plasma. It was felt that it was now safe to transport him to the 12th Evacuation Hospital at Botesdale. Supporting treatment was continued at the hospital and an additional 500cc of plasma was administered.
An X-ray revealed a large metal fragment behind the head of the right femur and a comminuted fracture of the right inshiel tuberosity. Operation at 18.30 by Major Willie Meyer.
The wound of the left thigh entered on the anterior surface about the junction of the middle and lower third and extended upward almost to the lower groin. A huge amount of tissue was detetalised . The neratal portion of the spermatic cord and the left testicle were exposed and the shell, apparently continuing upward through the perinium, overlised large amounts of tissue including the posterior hom of the urethra, the urethra bulb, and the left lateral ¼ of the sphincter ani. A loop colostomy and a supra-pubic egstotomy were performed. The wound of the right thigh was debrided. The left spermatic cord and testicle were removed, and an attempt was made to restore the urethra, but there was still a large deficit of tissue. The anus and sphincter ani were widely opened at the site of the damage. The fragment of shell and several pieces of bone were removed from the right ischium. The amount of destruction was tremendous.
The wounds were sprinkled with 10 grams of sulfanilamide powder, and dressed with vaseline gauze and pressure dressings. In addition, 250 cc of plasma was administered and donors were typed in for transfusion. His condition at the end of the operation was fair.
The other patient, Sgt John J. Crawbuck, 534th BS WG, was in the following condition:- The large wound, which was approximately 4 x 4 cm, was located between the anterior and superior spine and the brochanter of the right femur, and was found to connect with the shell fragment that was located about 12 cm posteriorly in the right buttock. The tract was laid open, debrided, and packed open with sulfanilamide 5 cm, and vaseline gauze.
October 1943
OCTOBER 1943
2 October – Twenty aircraft from this base took off at 13.45 hrs for the second attack on Emden, Germany. Two aircraft aborted, and the remaining 18 went over the target, and returned home safely. There were no killed or wounded.
For the second time the Forts had a P-47 escort all the way. The mission was further remarkable in that flak suits were worn for the first time. An estimated 80% of the crew members wore the suits and experienced satisfaction with them. Others used them as anti-flak pads around the bottom of the airplane.
The bombs were dropped on a pathfinder outfit through 10,000 ft overcast. Most of the bombardiers and navigators felt at that time calculations the bombing was reasonably accurate. The air temperature at bombing altitude, 22,000 ft was –23 degrees C. There were no frost bites.
Just before the flight a tail gunner S/Sgt Clarence M. Jones, 534th BS, became hysterical and refused to go on the mission. He had had six previous missions and his reactions seemed to be a profound emotional upset.
One thing that has impressed me is the impersonal attitude of the combat crews to their work. They mean to feel neither hate no pity for the enemy. Their chief group reaction seems to be a healthy respect for the potentialities of aerial combat, but they direct their bombing and fighter attacks almost without emotion and very much in the manner that a problem would be attacked in civilian life.
4 October – Twenty one aircraft took off at approximately 07.00 hrs for a mission. There were nine abortions, but 12 aircraft proceeded to the target, which was the center of the city of Frankfurt, Germany. Most of the aircraft aborted after being over the continent. The remaining aircraft completed the mission.
We had no injuries, but there were two cases of frostbite; S/Sgt William E. Abbott, 533rd BS, received frostbite to neck, 1st degree, and S/Sgt Clyde C. Draa, 534th BS, who received frostbite, mild to face, left side. He was put on duty, but S/Sgt Abbott was admitted to Quarters. From a group standpoint, bombing results were considered good.
At approximately 08.00 hrs there was a head-on collision on the perimeter track at the south end of the north-south runway. M/Sgt Victor A. Cottinger, 532nd BS, was driving a weapons carrier and Pvt Robert Sabating, 1142nd MP Company, was driving a command car. There were six men injured in the accident and were treated at sick quarters. Two men, M/Sgt Cottinger, and Pvt Harold M. Silvious, 533rd BS, were evacuated to the 121st Station Hospital at Braintree. S/Sgt Robert (NMI) Miller, and Cpl Armando Di Nicola, both 533rd BS, were admitted to station sick quarters. The other two men returned to duty.
M/Sgt Cottinger went to 121st Station Hospital by ambulance after receiving first aid at station sick quarters. About 13.00 hrs he was flown by a Fortress from this base, from Andrews Field to 49th Station Hospital, Diddington, Hunts., for surgical treatment, by a neuro-surgical team.
Two medical officers, Capt Milton M. Bland, and Capt George J. Pease, attended the Staff Meeting at 121st Station Hospital, today.
8 October – A status board showing the combat crews and medical personnel has been obtained. It is black, covered with plexi-glass, and shows organization, positions on crew, and the number of the crew for each of the four squadrons. It also shows the organizations included in the medical department. The new wing to the sick quarters was opened this date and is being used as an officers’ ward.
Twenty one aircraft from this station took off at 12.00 hrs- target: Bremen, Germany. The ships returned at approximately 17.30 hrs. Seven ships were missing, and personnel included in these ships is as follows:-
MIA 532nd B/42-29854
Sample, Arthur M.
Cytarzinski Edward P.
McKay, Norman C.
Moore, Robert V.
Ballou, Howard W.
Heintz, Warren G.
Olson, Melvin J.
Grayson, William H.
Forbes, James R.
Johnston, George R.
MIA 532nd G/42-30009
Pry, Jack S.
Quinley, Cecil W.
Burwell, Roger W.
Snyder, Theodore F.
La Pointe, Edwd. R.
Frauschti, Russell H.
Smith, Irvin W.
Baird, Carl L.
Johnson, Alfred A.
Brandt, Martin D.
MIA 533rd R/42-29765
Hartje, James W.
Jerome, Joseph C.
Norton, Edgar D.
Channault, Joseph P.
Kaseman, Eugene
LaPlace, Gerald G.
Boykin, Clayton M.
Swackhammer, Edwd.
Czyz, Edward
Sieber, Arthur T.
MIA 534th C/42-30722
Lishon, Dexter
Long, Carlton H.
Gluck, Robert
Rokosa, Philip V.
Johnson, Canute M.
Riddle, Lloyd C.
Madison, Clarence
Stuart, George A.
Schnalzer, John J.
Marques, William J.
MIA 535th T/42-30864
Cormany, William
Ingenhutt, William W.
Frost, Edwin D.
Black, Robert C.
Miller, Earl F.
Roeder, Robert R.
O’Hara, James J.
Smith, Richard W.
Dwyer, James J.
Weniger, Robert L.
MIA 535th R/42-29941
Manchester, Edwin
Jukes, Elton D.
Smith, Marvin L.
Moore, Keith D.
O’Donnell, James J.
Darrington, Lorenzo
Tucker, Arthur L.
Budzic, Anthony L.
Berk, Matthew
McCook, Wade (NMI)
MIA 535th Z/42-3123
Kemp, Leslie A.
Heim, William C.
Tomlin, Frank E.
Nelson, Thomas B.
Jennette, Arthur F.
Richards, Walter L.
Gentry, Gilles E.
Duffy, Raymond V.
Stinsman, James
Osborn, Edward F.
Of those ships returning, several were badly damaged and “Tinkertoy” ground-looped just off the runway. It had the nose shot out and the pilot 1st Lt William J. Minerich, had his head blown off by a 20mm cannon shell. There was hardly a square inch of the entire cockpit that was not covered in blood and brain tissue. One half of his face and a portion of his cervical vertebrae was found in the front of the bomb bay. The decapitation was complete.
The co-pilot Lt Thomas D. Sellers is certainly deserving of any award that may be given him for his heroic work in bringing this ship back to base. The bombardier and navigator, 2nd Lt Henry G. Palas and 2nd Lt James K. Stickel, were also slightly wounded and frostbitten.
The tail gunner on Lt Miller’s crew, S/Sgt Stephen J. Klinger, 534th BS, was KIA. His diagnosis was as follows:- 1. Wound, perforating, sideline of neck, about 2” in diameter involving the brachea and great vessels of the left side of the neck. 2. Compound fracture of the upper 1/3rd right forearm, wound of entrance about 1” in diameter; incurred by low velocity missile.
After this mission, in visiting the many crews right after they hit the ground, the tense excitement of many was apparent and in many cases were border-line hysteria. An effort was made to massively sedate a large number of the crew members and it seemed to work quite satisfactorily. This was the roughest mission experienced in some time and most of the personnel ceased to feel the losses keenly.
At the briefing on the morning of October 9, most of those who had received six grains of sodium amytal were in much better shape than those who had not. However there were two cases of dizziness and headache, to which we attributed to the sodium amytal. The medical department ran into a little command difficulty in administering this sedation, but we hope to be able to explain the value of the procedure to the satisfaction of the command.
The morale of the crews remains good. They are all looking forward to the day we can have long range fighter escort. There were 30 B-17s lost by the Eighth Air Force on this raid and an estimated 145 enemy fighters destroyed.
9 October – At 12.00 hrs, 16 B-17s from this command took off with the target the Focke-Wolf factory at Anklam, Germany. The Target is thought to have been destroyed. The greater part of the flight was over the North Sea, and three aircraft failed to return to base.
MIA 533rd K/42-30012
Hendricks, Landon
Withers, Robert L.
Turner, William T.
English, Leo K.
McNeil, Charles C.
Willdridge, John M.
Arbiter, Jerome
Howard, Lord A.
O’Hara, Ernest A.
Duggan, William P.
MIA 533rd Y/42-3180
Carqueville, Herbert
Parsons, Robert R.
Smith, Charles H.
Cunningham, Thomas
Kapustka, John B.
Gerolou, Vito J.
Embardo, James J.
Fox, Anthony F.
Greene, Elburn L.
Horne, Emery M.
MIA 534th J/42-29958
Loftins, James L.
Cornell, Chester E.
Beckerman, Hyman
Czarny, Stanley J.
Kwoka, Leon J.
Silverberg, Charles G.
Cyrek, Eugene E.
Huhn, Allen O.
Nader, Joseph C.
Alford, Allen T.
Lt Loftins’ crew was seen to parachute over Germany. Lt Carqueville left the formation somewhere in enemy territory. Major Hendricks was on his return trip over the North Sea and apparently felt he was out of the fighter zone and left the formation. He was jumped by fighters and was seen to lose altitude rapidly, and estimates of four to six were seen to leave the ship. Some crews reported the aircraft ditched, and one reported that the ship exploded just before it hit the water. However it should be pointed out that the aircraft were flying at approximately 15,000 ft, and assuming that Major Hendricks’ aircraft was in control, the distance between the formation and the ship as it reached sea level would be at least 20 – 30 miles, consequently the accuracy of the observation may be questioned.
Four other men were also missing, from the 532nd BS:- 2nd Lt Max E. Liming – CP; 2nd Anthony P. Taormina – N; 2nd Lt John B. Morgan – B; T/Sgt Gordon Teal – ETTG.
Apparently just as the formation was reaching the Danish coast, a 20mm cannon shell exploded in the cockpit of Lt Douglas Winter’s ship, and he was temporarily stunned or blinded by the flash. When he came to, the bombardier and navigator had already left the ship, the co-pilot was jumping and one of the crew members gave him a farewell salute and jumped.
The ship was in a steep gliding turn and there was a fire in the rear of the cockpit. Lt Winters righted the ship, put on the automatic pilot, went back and put out the fire, and brought the ship safely back to England, landing at another base. He suffered a mild flash burn of the face. He was the only one in the forward part of the ship and the courage and determination and skill that he displayed has been the basis for recommendation of a high military award.
In the last two days this group has lost ten aircraft and many old crews and the effect has been demoralizing to the staff and the combat crews. We all feel these losses very keenly and smiles and apparently cheerfulness are forced and everyone is quite well aware of the others’ feelings. The loss of two squadron commanders, Majors Ingenhutt and Hendricks has especially affected us, both from the standpoint of morale and administration.
Four men received injuries on this raid, and are as follows:-
2nd Lt Donald Frieze, 532nd BS: received penetrating wound, external surface, left hand.
Sgt Clyde Draa, 534th BS: suffered two mild abrasions to forehead and abrasions to index and fourth fingers of left hand.
Sgt Michael Feller, 534th BS; received mild burn, cervical region, behind angle of jaw, and contusion, mild over the middle of right clavicle.
S/Sgt Salvatore Bozzette, 532nd BS: suffered wounds, penetrating, multiple, moderate severity, about 3cm in diameter, 3 on right thigh and one of left thigh, two on forearm, one on left cervical region, one on left lower chest, one left iguinal region, by fragments of exploding 20mm cannon.
10 October – Despite the punishment the group had taken in the raids of Oct 8th and 9th, eight aircraft were in commission and took off at 11.30 hrs in a heavy fog and haze, with Munster, Germany as the destination. Lt Col Dunlop and Lt Col Terry were in the lead. The target was severely hit.
Six aircraft returned to base safely and two landed elsewhere. There was one man wounded:- S/Sgt Andrew S. Schnitzler, 534th BS waist gunner: 1. Wound, multiple, mild of neck, posterior.
A number of the ships were badly shot up, and Lt Clore’s ship had two holes blown in the radio compartment and in taxing round the dispersal site, the radio operator and waist gunner stuck heads through the holes and were grinning like monkeys. They apparently had adequate reason to be happy.
There is an interesting story of anoxia, and from the medical viewpoint, it is doubtful if the narrative is correct. T/Sgt William F. Vance, 534th BS ball turret, on his 24th mission:- The tube broke from the oxygen bottle to the turret when the turret was cranked down when the plane was airborne. Split at first, he tried to tape it without success, then tried to use bail-out bottles. He passed out at enemy coast at 20,000 ft – out for two hours. Recovered at 20,000 ft on way back, was at 25,000 then down, was out completely for a while. Later he could hear pounding but could not do anything about it. He eventually recovered enough to man turret after using fresh bail-out bottle. He laid on the floor of the radio-room, until the ship landed at Wendling (392nd BG, a B-24 base) and went to hospital and `got a white pill’, from an EM, before returning to base. (The Sgt showed no ill effects when he reported here.)
The mental attitude and morale of the crews is the lowest that has been yet observed.
14 October – Crews were briefed at 07.00 hrs and the target was the ball-bearing works at Schweinfurt, Germany. The mention of the word `Schweinfurt’ shocked the crews completely. It will be recalled on August 17th this group lost so heavily at this same target. Also conspicuous by its omission was the estimated number of enemy fighters based along this route. Upon checking with S-2 later, it was found that this omission was intentional and that the entire German fighter force of 1,100 aircraft were based within 80 miles of the course. The implications are obvious.
As I went round to the crews to check our equipment, sandwiches, coffee, etc., the crews were scared, and it was obvious that many doubted that they would return. We did get a break in that we didn’t go over the target in an ordered sequence and the outfits that went on in the position we were supposed to fly, lost heavily. The radio this morning stated that 60 B-17s were lost on this operation. There were three abortions in our group, and in our combat wing that went over the target, there were only 30 aircraft, and a minimum of 40 seemed almost mandatory. Someone must have held up by the hand.
Take off time was at 10.35 hrs. The planes returned at 17.35 hrs. Ridgewell was the only airdrome in the First Air Division that was open and we expected to receive the entire division, but fortunately at the last minute other airfields opened and we received only a few ships from other bases.
The wounded were as follows:- 532nd BS: S/Sgt Ernest E. Smith; 1. Wound, penetrating of right thigh, junction of lower and middle third, anterior surface – caused by exploding 20mm cannon shell.
533rd BS: 2nd Lt Turner I. Jones; 1. Wound. Lacerated, nose, left side of bridge, severe. 2. Fracture, compound, comminuted, nose, severe. 3. Contusion right infra-orbital, moderate severe (flak).
534th BS: S/Sgt LeRoy C. Weaver; 1. Contusion, moderate severity, left leg, distal one third, accidentally incurred by catching leg in ball turret of ship; 2. Abrasion, mild, left ankle, anterior surface accidentally incurred in plane.
535th BS: 2nd Lt Carl W. Dittus; 1. Wound, lacerated 2” in length, moderate severity inner aspect, lower 1/3 forearm, left. Caused by 20mm cannon shell.
413th BS (96th BG): S/Sgt Alan W. White; 1. Wound, penetrating mild, posterior aspect, right thigh, midline 2 ½” above popiticel, caused by flak, low velocity.
413th BS (96th BG): S/Sgt James L. Berry; 1. Wound, penetrating scalp, frontal portion, 1” long, moderate severity, caused by flak. 2. Frost bite, moderate severe, 2nd degree, involving all terminal phalanges, both feet and both small fingers. Caused by failure of heated suit.
Two ships ground looped on their return, but there were no casualties.
Lt Yorba’s crew went down in German territory after the target. Lt Muteline had extreme difficulty in bringing his ship back to England and finally landed down south several hours after the other ships had landed.
Colonel Nazarro was more visibly effected by this mission than by any I have observed, and he stated last night that he was more tired than when he, himself, had flown long missions. He seems to embody the personal feelings for his men that is sometimes lacking in commanders, and yet does not hesitate to do what is necessary to accomplish the mission.
15 October – The men on the line were cleaning the back of a gas truck with gasoline at approximately 14.50 hrs, when suddenly the gas truck caught fire. No reason can be given for the fire, except that the engine was running in the truck and probably sparks from the motor set the gas. There were three men near the truck at the time and one of them received 2nd degree burns of the left ear, left side of face and left hand – Sgt Harold G. Bigler, 532nd BS., who was admitted to sick quarters at 15.00 hrs. No other injuries resulted from the explosion.
The combat crews were given 48 hr passes to relax their nervous tension.
16 October – Inspection of the medical detachment was held this morning at 10.00 hrs. Lt Col William J. Reed, was inspecting officer, and commended the detachment very highly. He was well pleased with the medical, physical layout.
17 October – Major Gaillard departed this P.M. to attend school for one week at the Eighth Air Force Provisional Medical Field Service School, at Station # 101, per authority contained in par. 10, SO 26, HQ, 1st Bombardment Division, dated 11 October.
Briefing was held this morning then while passing out sandwiches, coffee, cookies, etc., to the crews, the mission was scrubbed.
18 October – Eight planes took off at 06.45 hrs to Thurleigh, Bedfordshire, for briefing to make a composite group. Destination was Duren, Germany, but the mission was scrubbed some while after take off. All planes returned safely, but one enlisted man, S/Sgt Edward J. Meyers, 535th BS, received frostbite, right molar area, 2 ½” x 1 ¼” of moderate severity. No lanolin was used.
The staff visited patients at 121st Station Hospital, Braintree. The staff meeting which was scheduled to be held did not materialize.
20 October – Eight planes took off at 06.15 hrs and were briefed at another base. They joined aircraft from another group to make up a composite group, the target being Duren, Germany. There was one abortion, and the other seven did not reach the target so returned with their bomb load.
There were no casualties, although there was one case of frost bite: Sgt Robert E. Smith, 535th BS; 4th and 5th fingers, right hand, moderate severity. Lanolin was used.
21 October – Fifteen planes took off the morning at 05.45 hrs. At 06.17 hrs operations called to say the mission had been scrubbed, thus all planes returned safely to base.
Poor weather for the rest of the month ruled out any aerial action.
November 1943
NOVEMBER 1943
1 November – Doctor (Captain) Dunlop of the British Home Guard was host to Major Gaillard and Capt Ralston at a Home Guard simulated warfare demonstration where they actually shot over the heads, had dynamite exploding, had simulated gas and smoke. It was a very realistic demonstration, and the Tommy’s that were observing said that it looked much worse from the observer’s standpoint that from the soldier being indoctrinated. Capt Ralston and myself were quite content to observe.
3 November – For the past ten days there has been very little aerial activity because of poor weather. The combat group is in good condition, but seem to be getting restless. However, there is nothing to warrant any apprehension.
The monthly parties for the officers and enlisted men were held during the past week and were enjoyed by most and abused by the usual few. But, all in all they were satisfactory, and I believe should probably be held more often.
Major Gaillard attended the Eighth Air Force Provisional Medical Field Service School at High Wycombe, from Oct 17-23. The school was rather well conducted, and the most interesting and instructive part was the outlining of the psychiatric evaluation and disposition of combat crew failures.
Captain Ralston attended the plaster school at 30th General Hospital. He had an interesting three days, but apparently didn’t learn very much.
Captain Pease has departed for the American School Center, Shrivenham, Bucks., and in three weeks we expected a full-fledged commando!
In the interests of self preservation from a unit medical group standpoint, we have appointed a local medical board to review combat crew failures and other psychiatric cases before disposing of them. We feel that this will be interesting, informative, instructive, and to the best interests of the individual and the service. To date we have passed on three cases, namely: Lt A, Lt B, and S.Sgt C. We were reversed by the Central Medical Board on Lt A, and upon reviewing our findings, we were inclined to maintain our original opinion.
There have been no missions flown in the past week, although 22 ships got of the ground on 30th October, were called back before crossing the coast.
There have been about ten new crews assigned during the week.
The following officers and enlisted men were sent to rest homes during the week, to: Eighth Air Force Officers Rest Home at Stanbridge Earls, Hampshire: 1st Lt William J. McDaniel, 2nd Lt Ernest M. Klein, 2nd Lt Louis M. Gill; all 533rd Bomb Squadron.
To Moulsford Manor, nr Chelsey, Berkshire: T/Sgt Louis S. Kalmar, S/Sgts John S. Shepherd, Charles C. Leazenby, John S. Bunworth, Robert K. Ray, Walter E. Field and Howard A. Pope; all 533rd BS.
1st Lt Bernard L. Cohler has been appointed Respiratory and Disease Control Officer to fill the vacancy created by Capt Dwyer being transferred.
Lt Col Ralph G. LaRue inspected the medical department on 31 October and was favourably impressed with the personnel and physical equipment.
Major Gaillard was elected to the council of the officers mess with specific duty in charge of entertainment.
The medical department, this date, inaugurated a new procedure in sanitary inspection. Four officers and four enlisted men descended upon the various sites, took them by storm, and left before the site realized they were being inspected. The only hitch in the machinery Capt Dwyer’s volubility, which hindered the operation somewhat. I future he will either be gagged or left behind!
Changes in personnel have been: DEPARTED: Capt Cornelius J. Dwyer – This officer has conducted himself quite well both medically and professionally in the two months that I have known him, and it is with reluctance that we lose his services.
ARRIVED: 1st Lt Leonard J. Lisnow – Dental Surgeon; Cpl Willaim H. Jordan – Dental Technician; 2nd Lt Grace R. Hawkes – Flight Nurse; 2nd Lt Margaret M. Gudobba – Flight Nurse.
T/3s Elmer S. Warzon and William M. Vandervander, both NCO’s assigned to the above named flight nurses.
4 November – The medical board convened to determine the sanity and the responsibility of the acts of Pvt J.W., 1142nd M.P. Company. Board consisted:- Major Ernest Gaillard, MC, president; Capt Milton H. Bland, MC, member; Capt Louis G. Ralston, MC, member and 1st Lt Joseph V. Fick, MAC, recorder.
With Lt Col Michael H. Teitelbaum, MC, neuro-psychiatric consultant. The board found the soldier to be mentally deficient, with an approximate mental age of 8 years. It was felt he should be held accountable for his acts.
Major Gaillard and Capt Dwyer were the guests of Doctor Dunlop at Steeple Bumpstead, a village 4/5 miles from Ridgewell, this date, as part of our “know the allies program.” The meal was skimpy but the refreshments were excellent.
Twenty seven aircraft from this command took off at 09.20 hrs with the target the dock area of Wilhelmshaven, Germany. The flight was undercast throughout, and bombing was done by pathfinder. Three divisions attacked the target and those on the mission stated they could see the air solid with B-17s as far as 30 miles ahead and behind. The mission was also remarkable in that P-38s accompanied the B-17s through to the target area for the first time. The flak was light and inaccurate and caused no damage that was observed by our group. Bombing altitude was 23,000 ft, temperature 28 degrees centigrade.
The only casualty of the day was 533rd BS top turret gunner, S/Sgt Shirley E. Goucher, who suffered a fracture of the humerous when he fell out of the turret. All of the aircraft returned safely to the base, and the pick-up in morale of the crews was a pleasure to observe. It seemed to help everyone to know that the ships had gone over heavily defended area like Wilhelmshaven and came back without a scratch.
5 November – Twenty one ships from this command took off at 09.20 hrs with the target as Gelsenkirchen, Germany. It is located in the Ruhr Valley, and was bombed by pathfinder. Very little enemy fighter opposition was encountered, but the flak was very heavy and accurate.
Ten chutes were seen to leave Lt Hopp’s ship just east of the Dutch coast, while six left Lt Butler’s ship on the co-pilot’s orders, and three crew members landed at West Malling, Kent.
Lt Brown suffered from exposure and multiple minor injuries, and Sgt Osborne from a laceration of the dorsum of the left hand. When the order was given to prepare to bail out , the ship was at 28,000 ft. Lt Brown, bombardier, removed his oxygen mask and started to leave by the forward escape hatch. He apparently became anoxic, fell and the rip cord was accidentally released. The chute billowed out the hatch and round the ball turret and pulled Lt Brown’s right leg out of the ship. The wind blast tore off the right boot, but oddly enough he suffered little frost bite. The duration of his unconsciousness is unknown, but it is estimated at 1 ½ to 2 hours. Those missing in action are as follows:
MIA 535th BS V/42-30852
Hopp, Donald K.
Carr, Walter C.
Tyler, Marshall E.
Johnston, William J.
Girvin, Alexander M.
East, Roy W.
Richard, Armand R.
Greer, Julius F.
True, Robert G.
Woodyatt, Richard
533rd BS Y/42-29755
Butler, William D.
RTD
Anderson, John K.
Potenza, Larry (?)
Brown, Hayden
Lindsay, Kinley W.
Maloney, Wayne L.
Osborne, Robert
Skrapits, John F.
McGinty, Francis R.
Smith, Charles F.
This mission was remarkable in that the bombing altitude was 28,000 ft, and the outside temperature was minus 40 degrees. The crews were individually instructed prior to take off on the prevention of frostbite, and we like to feel that our efforts were in part responsible for the fact that only was frostbite was received on this mission.
Major Gaillard attended a division officers meeting and according to his own statement, accomplished nothing.
6 November – Major Gaillard, Capt Ralston, Lt Margaret Gudobba (Flight Nurse) and Capt William Thompson, MC, visiting from 121st Station Hospital, Braintree, went down to West Malling, Kent, by air to pick up the two wounded in yesterday’s entry. Lt Brown had a cast on his leg (hemorrhage and contusion of tibial collateral ligament) and had to be evacuated by ambulance and stretcher to the plane. The trip was uneventful.
7 November – Nineteen aircraft from this group took of at 08.20 hrs with the target the marshalling yards at Wesel, Germany. The bombing altitude was 26,000 ft and the outside temperature was minus 40 degrees centigrade. Bombing was done by pathfinder. Six cases of frostbite were incurred during this mission and five of them were about the face and neck, the other was of the foot.
No fighters were encountered, and flak was light and inaccurate. There were plenty of P-47’s around and they gave excellent cover. All the ships returned to base flying beautiful formation. The sense of relief that everyone feels when the ships come back, flying a good formation, and with none of them peeling off or shooting flares, is notable. It is a release to the anxious tension that we all feel when the ships are out on a mission. There were no wounded and the crews were in good shape.
11 November – Briefing this beautiful morning (for a change) was at 08.000 hrs; target, Wesel, Germany, marshalling yards. Bombing altitude was 28,000 ft, temperature – 40 centigrade. The group was led by Capt Marvin D. Lord, 532nd BS. The total distance was 660 miles and take off time 11.00 hrs. The formation got to within a couple of miles of the Dutch coast where clouds were up to 29,000 ft and rather that take the top element of the formation to 32,000 ft, the air division commander decided to bring the ships back. There were two cases of anoxia, and one of them suffered frostbite in addition.
13 November – The crews were briefed quite early for a target in Germany, bombing to be done by pathfinder. The assembly point was to be over the field at 9,000 ft, so Col Conway Hall, Major Gaillard, Captains Wymer and Delano, along with an equipment Sgt took the tow-target ship up to watch the assembly at 9,000 ft. Poor Guess! Cloud cover was up to 20,000 ft, so we went up without oxygen. There were three masks for five of us, and at 17,500 ft the Sgt decided to pass out. Major Gaillard grabbed him by the backside and attempted to push him into the nose of the ship with Capt Wymer so that he could take care of him, but his parachute harness was hung up. About that time Capt Wymer was pushing him back up the to flight deck, the captain himself was getting cyanotic, and certainly not in the pink (No pun intended).
Major Gaillard took a couple of whiffs off Col hall’s oxygen mask, picked the Sgt up behind the back of the neck and brought him and mask together. When the Sgt revived, he was sent down to the nose. The remainder of the stay at altitude was eventful in that Major Gaillard would watch Col Hall’s ears, and when they got good and blue the mask would be given back to him. When they got pink, Major Gaillard would take it back again.
All in all, the whole trip was a monument to our own stupidity, but can well be blamed on the airplane. Our masks, with two exceptions, were demand masks and the ship was fitted with constant flow. It was rather cool too. We were dressed for 9,000 ft, or zero weather, and it was – 22 centigrade at 20,000 ft.
Lt Deering, Lt Reese and crew got lost in trying to assemble and when the other ships were ordered back to the field, they continued on their merry way, and took an unescorted tour of Europe. I imagine the continental populace were just as surprised as our own wayward boys when they broke out of the clouds at 20,000 ft. After flying into some very bad weather and being used as a clay pigeon by all the flak installations en route, our wayward boys arrived home; no wounded or dead, but impressed by their experience. Said crew has now reverted to training status.
16 November – Twenty one aircraft from this command took off at 07.05 hrs to bomb a molybdunem plant at Knaben, Norway. Total distance 1,060 miles, bombing altitude around 14,000 ft, temperature – 32 at that altitude. The weather was slightly stinko most of the way and thay had to climb to 20,000 ft over the North Sea in order to avoid the clouds. Results of the bombing were unknown at present.
There were no wounded, but there were three cases of frostbite. The most severe being Sgt Clarence T. Williams, 535th BS waist gunner, who became inquisitive and stuck his head out the left waist window so he could see the bombs burst. He did – and he has a frozen face top prove it. The left zygomatic area and the left neck are involved. It does not appear to be too serious.
A rather unimportant event, but nevertheless interesting feature at the landing of the ships has been the hockey game between Major Gaillard and Capt Cohler. The crew at the interrogation were all in good spirits, all ships landed safely back at base, but Lt Schultz and crew took a bit round-about way home.
26 November – Twenty one aircraft from this group took off today with their target Bremen, Germany. Altitude flown was 25,000 ft, temperature – 40. There were no aircraft lost, however there were 17 cases of frostbite, two cases of burns and three cases of anoxia. One plane landed at RAF Waterbeach and evacuated Sgt Homer, 534th BS, to the base hospital, suffering from severe facial frostbite.
December 1943
DECEMBER 1943
1 December – Seventeen aircraft from this group took off today with their target as Leverkusen, Germany. Bombing altitude was 26,000 ft and air temperature – 40 centigrade. Four aircraft were lost, there were four cases of frostbite and two of burns suffered by personnel.
One plane crash-landed in a field in Kent, and three 534th BS officers were evacuated to an English hospital at Rochester, Kent;- 1st Lt Harold H. Hytinen, suffered pan fracture, skull and nose, and lacerations, face; 2nd Lt William R. Cronin, suffered lacerations, face, fractured nose, sprained left ankle, and fractured olecranon, left ulna; 2nd Lt Richard I. Maursted, suffered fractures ribs, right. These three officers have since been sent to the 38th Station Hospital which is about ten miles north of Southampton.
MIA 532nd BS A/42-29506
Duncan, Jason H.
Allchin, Harry Jr.
Huffman, Mac W.
Kessler, Robert G.
Wade, V. L.
Doherty, Edward V.
Jeffers, Leon D.
Wall, M.A.
Starkey, Harold G.
Mattson, Roy F.
MIA 535th BG R/42-31111
Noxon, Donald E.
Giovannini, George
Eichhorn, Edison
Utley, Walter A.
Ludwigsen, Peter K.
Phillips, Toby B. Jr.
Thompson, John E.
Mogush, Paul T.
Thompson, Harry M.
Channell, John S.
MIA 535th BS -/42-31097
Sunde, Harland V.
Sweeney, James W.
Christensen, Roger
Tully, O.D.
England, William P.
Carano, Claudio S.
McCutcheon, Doyle
Culver, Charles J.
Josephson, Carlton
Healey, John F.
MIA 535th BS N/42-3540
Hess, Warren C.
Smith, Charles L.
Randle, David (NMI)
Wernersbach, Robt.
Gardella, Albert J.
Regan, John F.
Macklin, William M.
Burke, Philip F.
Ludwig, Allen G.
Delp, Edgar G.
4 December – During the past two weeks things have gone along in a pretty hum-drum manner and only three operational missions have been flown, the details of which have been recorded earlier.
On Sunday 21 November, Major Gaillard underwent spinal anesthesia and had his redundant intro and peri-anal tissue excised. The convalescence was uneventful. (Like hell it was, but I fear the details would be boring; they certainly bored me!)
There has been a great increase in the respiratory disease incidence during the past two weeks, the rate having reached 1,100 plus for the week of 21 November and 900 plus for the week of 28 November. The disease seems to have an acute onset, with fever, general malaise, and muscular aches and pains. The course has been from 36 to 72 hrs with some residual weakness. The rate is not considered excessive or alarming, however we are instituting what measures we can to prevent cross infection.
Captain Ralph M. Wymer is this week attending the Provisional Medical Service School at `Pinetree’. Capt George J. Pease returned on 26 November from the Commando School at Shrivenham, looking none the worse for his experience.
I lectured today to the new combat crews and found them a fairly receptive and intelligent group. During the course of their questioning it was learned that their equipment levels of heated gloves and shoes, silk gloves, gauntlets, long underwear and heavy socks are deficient. It seems rather futile to lecture to these groups about what they should have and then not be able to supply it. I also explained to them some of the mental mechanisms, the development of fear reaction, operational exhaustion, etc., and the amount of interest and intelligence they displayed was very encouraging. It probably will be interesting to explain mental mechanism to a large group of combat crewmen and then see if there is any value in prophylaxia.
The weather this past two weeks has been dull and grey for the most part, and the mud is soft and juicy and present everywhere. However, this climate seems not too unlike North Carolina and Georgia at this time of year and I think that most people that complain are feeling sorry for themselves without adequate reason. In general the disease incidence would compare favorably with that in the States.
The Saturday morning inspection was held as usual, and the organization seems to be maintaining its standards.
The monthly dance was held on 30 November, and it was the opinion of most that if the party had been any better behaved there would have been no point in having a party. The “Belle of the Ball” was escorted by Major Gaillard as usual.
Three rather decrepit, ancient meatballs from the E.V.S. Nursing Staff were here to interrogate our wayward personnel on the source of the “Picadilly Flak”. What an odd way for three nice old ladies to make a living!
Nine men were transferred out of the medical department into the Air Corps, and nine new men were sent to us from 1st Bomb Division. Those transferred are:
OUT: Pfc Robert H. Ball, Pvt Francis R. Knight, Pvt Raymond J. Lashure –532nd BS; Pvt Anthony J. Goral – 533rd BS; S/Sgt Homer B. Stamp, Pvt Edward F. Lorenz – 534th BS; Cpl Harvey G. King, Pvt Edward Conyor – 535th BS; Cpl Michael W. Spack – HQ 381st BG.
IN: Pfc Benoit J. Caya, Pfc Van Horne Smith, Pfc Francis C. Cramer – 532nd BS; S/Sgt Harold J. Schlosser; Pfc John F. Sweeney, Pfc Harold E. Styers –534th BS. Cpl Jeronimo A. Casaz; Pfc Ralph A. Beaulieu – 535th BS; T/5 Sammie C. Eads – HQ 381st BG.
S/Sgt Andrew H. Schnitzler was sent to the Central Medical School during the past week from the 534th. He was sent with the diagnosis: 1. Functional symptom due to combat stress; 2. Masopharyngitis, acute severe; 3. Sprain, sacroiliac, left.
On December 3 we were notified that Cpl Jack H. Flinn, 1900101, 533rd Bomb Squadron, died at 121st Station Hospital, Braintree. The following is a summary, by Major Appleton, of the 121st St. Hosp:-
“Cpl Flinn was admitted on 19 November with urethral smear, positive gonococcus. Patient previously received 41 grains of sulfathiazole in ten days. Given 15 grains every four hours for seven days and 15 grains four times a day for next three days. General condition of patient was fairly good at 11.00 hrs on 3 December except for unconsciousness with 106 degrees rectally. Urine output 560cc for period following fever until his death. Patient had sudden cardiac failure with death occurring at 10.30am . An autopsy is being performed.
5 December – About 04.30 to 08.00 hrs there were eight cases of acute gastro-intestinal upsets who reported to sick quarters, and in instances they had eaten midnight chow at Consolidated Mess, and all had roast beef in common. Symptoms began from 01.00 to 03.00 hrs and were characterized by repeated attacks of nausea and vomiting, frequent bowel movements and abdominal cramps of varying severity. One patient was vomiting bright, red blood, and had such abdominal pains that it was necessary to give him a hypodermic of morphine and atropline to afford him relief. All were admitted to quarters and by noon were able to eat and felt practically normal, being discharged before the day was out.
Major Gaillard reported to the Eighth Air Force rest home at Stanbridge Earls, to be medical officer in charge for a period of one week. He was flown down by a crew from this base accompanied by Capt Louis B. Ralston.
About 10.00 hrs an emergency call was received from the Police Station at Haverhill, just over the Essex-Suffolk border, with information that there had been a truck overturned in a ditch and there were about four soldiers injured fairly severely. Extra plasma and supplies, and blankets were laced in the two ambulances which were dispatched to the scene of the accident at the northern outskirts of Haverhill.
There was found a 2 ton truck lying on its side in a deep drainage ditch just off the road. It was loaded with a group of engineer band members who were on their way to play for an airfield dedication and dance. There were several fracture cases of the ankle, one clavicle, one with possible concussion, and several with minor contusions, abrasions and scratches. A British civilian doctor had been called and had rendered effective first aid treatment by the time of our arrival. We replaced the morphine and bandages he had used and thanked him for his services.
The two ambulances were loaded with ten cases; four of them being stretcher. There were to others that we could not accommodate in our ambulances, were transported to Braintree, 121st Station Hospital, by an ambulance from the 49th Station Hospital which arrived at the scene at this time. One of the patients they took was a stretcher cases and all in all 12 cases were carried to the 121st, where preparation had been made previously for a speedy handling of the injured.
8 December – Captain Cohler and Lt Fick were witnesses at the General Court Martial hearing for Pvt JW, in the notorious Sudbury rape case.
The medical officers conducted lectures for six hours on first aid against chemical attack to base personnel.
9 December – The weather is still certainly bad, and there has been no flying for the past several days. Capt Ralston is still away, being grounded with aircraft which carried Major Gaillard and party to the rest home.
The two nurses, Miss Margaret M. Gudobba and Miss Grace Hawkes, and the two sergeants assigned to them departed today for AAF Station 480, at Grantham, Notts., per telephone orders as of 8 December from 50th Troop Carrier Wing. Transportation was furnished by command car and trailer. They departed from this station at 13.30 hrs.
11 December – Thirty aircraft from this command took off today with the target Emden, Germany. There were two abortions and the other 28 planes returned safely. There were no casualties or missing.
About 19.15 hours a red air raid siren alert was called over the Tannoy. The Jerries dropped flares and bombs on a nearby airdrome and did considerable damage to buildings as well as injuring several of the personnel. Lights were turned off at this base until late in the evening. This was one time that a bombing in this vicinity was a little too close for comfort.
13 December – Twenty eight aircraft from this command were briefed and sent to Bremen, Germany, today. The mission proved to be very successful for our group as we suffered no casualties on missing in action.
Due to the fact that we had no lights or water on Friday evening the regular weekly inspection was called off.
14 December – An inspection of combat crews’ living sites was made this date and they were found to be in a deplorable condition. They are dirty, crowded, inadequately blacked out, damp, inadequately heated, and seem inadequate for the care of this type of personnel.
The matter of stoves was taken up with the utility officer, Lt Gray, and the Ground Executive, Col Reed, states that sixty American stoves were due to arrive shortly and would be used where necessary on combat sites. It is Col Reed’s opinion that much of the grief of the combat crews is brought about by their laziness, lack of discipline, etc., and he feels disinclined to “baby” them, as he expressed it. The coke is distributed to the site daily in inadequate quantities and is appropriated by the first come, first served method; as a consequence the combat crews have been chopping down trees in the surrounding territory, but the green weed will not burn and the barracks are still cold and damp.
Many of them spend a great deal of their times as scavengers looking for fuel. Just the other night, a clear moonlight night, a 1st Lt and first pilot, was seen running at full speed across a plowed field with a sack of coke over his shoulders and an Englishman behind him. He made it but the condition is obviously a rather sad one, and certainly does not contribute to the health and happiness of the troops. Some of the officers have been sleeping in their flying clothes to keep warm.
Col Reed states that everything that can be done has been done to obtain fuel and that it would serve no useful purpose for the medical department to write through command channels complaining of inadequate housing. Regardless of what measures are necessary (that is to do the work for them, or see that they are severely disciplined to do it for themselves) I feel that it is mandatory for the physical efficiency and morale that their lot be bettered.
Another thing that has come to my attention about the fuel shortage is that such notables as Capt Murray, the ex-professor of anatomy, and Capt Bland, Flight Surgeon of the 535th BS, have been visiting the ash piles behind the enlisted men’s barracks and are quite enthusiastic about the “big pieces” of coke they had salvaged. Some ingenious members of the organization have found that a six pence can of shoe polish is a good substitute for kindling wood and that the shoe impregnate is supposed to protect against noxious gases is also a highly inflammable item. Praise the Lord! At last we have found a useful use for this material we have been toting across the world for the past six months.
16 December – Thirty three aircraft from this command took off at 08.45 hrs with the target Bremen, Germany. Bombing altitude was 26,000 ft and outside air temperature – 40 degrees centigrade. The target was 10/10th overcast and the group was in the third division that hit the target. The flak was quite intense, but apparently not too accurate for most of our group escaped serious damage.
The target was, of course, not seen, but tremendous quantities of black smoke was seen to be welling up in the target area where the previous division had dropped their bombs. Some observers reported a few enemy fighters, others say that they were probably our own P-51s. All our ships are accounted for at this writing. There were no wounded.
20 December – Thirty three aircraft from this command took off at 08.15 hrs with the target Bremen, Germany. Bombing altitude was 26,000 ft with an outside air temperature – 42 degrees centigrade. The weather was beautifully clear 8/10th of the way over and from 6-8/10th over the target area, attacked by nine combat wings. The flak was the heaviest we have encountered since Munster in October.
Four ships did not return and Col Leber and Lt Clore, landed at Mildenhall, Suffolk, an RAF base; Lt Petroski landed at Attlebridge a few miles away. His top turret gunner S/Sgt Lee B. Gibson, died of anoxia and details will follow.
MIA 532nd BS N/42-3563
Hollenkamp, Bernard F.
Jones, George T.
Clough, Herbert N.
Hazelton, Richard
Reimann, George C.
Soell, George W.
Schulz, Elmo R.
Hutchens, Homer
Walker, Ira J.
Good, Harry L.
MIA 534th BS A/42-5845
Canelake, Leo
Johnson, Harry B.
Boston, Jesse S.
Cisek, Max N.
McDonald, Paul E.
Hernandez, Tony T
Avrett, John V.
Brown, Richard W.
Phillips, Thomas V.
Belgrasch, Francis
MIA 535th BS X/42-5846
Lane, Dorman F.
Johnston, John B.
Anderson, Everett S.
Mitchell, Richard
Peanoske, John (NMI)
Melchiorre, Alph.
Cramer, Henry Jr.
Fecho, Joseph
Hrapsky, William W.
McDonald, Frank
MIA 535th BS S/42-31075
Crosson, Waldo B.
Opitz, James R.
Burke, Edward J.
Curran, John J.
Allen, John L.
McFarlane, Robert
Bulsok, Steve F.
Glawson, Jesse J.
Klima, Norman J.
Eloe, Robert N.
The ship “Tinkertoy” was lost over the target area, and the report is that it was rammed by two enemy 109’s. It is suprising the effect that the loss of Tinkertoy had on the group. The ship was in the Deanna Durbin film, “Hers to Hold”, and had been with the group since the third phase of training. It had a long and interesting history, and has been on many raids over enemy territory. A number of people have been killed in this ship and the group looked on it with mixed horror and affection. We all feel the loss a bit more keenly than would have been anticipated. The crews were affected by the raid and came back tired and quite sober in thought and action. However, I do not feel that the raid will have any permanent effect upon the crews.
Captain Ralph M. Wymer went to Attlebridge to take the body of S/Sgt Lee B. Gibson to the 2nd General Hospital at Oxford, for autopsy.
21 December – Today the first of a series of “Army Talks” were instigated by Major Gaillard. The reaction will depend upon whether or not they will continue. Army talks are supplied by ETO Headquarters and the topic of this one was “Problems of Organized Peace”.
22 December – Briefing at 07.30hrs this clear and beautiful morning with the target designation Osnabruck, Germany. Osnabruck’s military importance is rail transportation between the industrial Ruhr and the Baltic Sea coast. Twenty four ships from this command took off at 08.45 hrs, bombing altitude 26,000 ft and temperature – 46 degrees centigrade.
Considerable fighter opposition was encountered and very little flak was seen, thus all the ships returned safely to the base, while there were no killed our wounded. Frostbite continues to be one of our major problems and nine cases were reported on the last two missions.
One thing that is causing a bit of concern among the combat personnel is the failure of the chin turrets to operate at 20,000 ft. Bombardier Lt ----, has been on five raids and on four of them the chin turret has not worked. He stated it is rather a lonesome feeling to be sitting in the nose of the ship with inoperative guns.
A visitor today was Lt Warren K. Gaillard of the 447th Bomb Group at Rattlesden, in Suffolk.
23 December – Lt Fick returned the box of paper cups to the supply depot and had them replaced with the microscope that had been signed for originally. Another one like that and we will have to instruct methods for a survey on Lt Fick!
Of some humanitarian, if not medical interest, is the verbal barrage that Major Gaillard is subjected to by his fellow officers regarding his forthcoming nuptials. He has been diagnosed, dissected and even utterances have been put about in the mouths of his unexpected progeny. It seems to be the sadistic desire of most of his fellow officers to see that the pre-nuptial period is spent in alcoholic devotion to such an extent that the post-nuptial period will be spent in convalescence. It is probable that Major Gaillard will do his utmost to look after his physical well being.
Captain Bland has received unfortunate news that his wife is critically ill and we all hope that more favourable news will soon be received soon.
24 December – At 10.45 hrs this clear and crisp morning 27 aircraft from this command took off to bomb rocket gun installations in the Calais area. Bombing altitude was 21,000 ft and temperature outside at – 42 degrees centigrade. The target was of special interest because of the recent German threat to unload rockets on London. Fifteen hundred aircraft of the Eighth Air Force his the target. The heavy bombardment aircraft were chosen for the mission because of the intense flak installations in the coastal areas. Bombing was done by individual squadrons and we are not yet sure of the results. Of special interest to the author of these poor notes is the fact this was his first combat mission and some of his reactions may be worthy of note.
First I was surprised at my experience no fear or apprehension at any time during the mission. The only reaction I had was at the time we were receiving flak hits and I wondered just what the hell I was doing up there instead of back down on the ground where I belonged. There was a feeling of exhilaration and interest in what was going on around me. In watching the flak explode and seeing the puffs from the guns below. Another sound that was especially pleasant was the smooth functioning of all our engines. They did not cough or spit once during the entire mission.
The first burst of flak which we heard prompted me to look out of the waist window whereupon I was unceremoniously grabbed by the tail and sat down beside one of the waist gunners. On the bombing run I tried leaning out of the window following the trailing bombs when the ship made a 30 degree turn to my side and almost tossed me out of the window. I clutched the air, airplane, and everything also and I finally got back inside.
All in all, my reaction was one of exhilaration and interest and I believe that I would enjoy aerial combat for a time at least, but of course my better judgement would prohibit such action. I flew the mission with Major Shackley and Lt McDaniel on the sip #721, “Sweet and Lovely.”
27 December – Lt Fick, Sgt Bassett and Cpl Johnson attended a meeting in the conference room at 1st Air Division today. The meeting was intended to clear up problems that have been bothering the administrative personnel of late. MAC officers and chief clerks from every station in the 1st Division were represented, and it was surprising and gratifying to learn that our detachment didn’t have the only ignorant administrative staff. Also we learned that our squadron surgeons were not the only offenders to the E.T.O. regulations – several stations seemed to have more unruly surgeons that we have.
30 December – Thirty three aircraft from this command took off at 08.00 hrs with the target Ludwigshafen, Germany. Bombing altitude was 22,000 ft and outside air temperature was – 29 degrees centigrade. Bombing was done by pathfinder over 10/10ths cloud cover. There was very little flak and few fighters.
All ships returned safely to the base and there was one anoxic death (see below). The group was composed of the normal group led by Col Nazzaro, as our division commander and the composite group was led by Major Halsey. The results of the bombing were not known at the time of this report.
S/Sgt Curtis E. Hickman, 533rd BS radio operator, aged 23. This individual when first seen by the medical department was dead. He was cyanotic, pupils were dilated and he had froth at the mouth, There was a moderate amount of froth on the floor of the radio compartment. He is said to have been alive and talking over the intercom as the ship started its descent over the English Channel which was approximately 1½ hours before he was seen by the medical department. Descent was at 400 ft per minute. The deceased was first noticed slumping over his chair by the ball turret operator as he was leaving the ball turret. The ball gunner does not know if the deceased was breathing or not. Emergency oxygen abd artificial respiration was begun immediately and continued until the ship returned and 50 minutes later. The oxygen mask was an A-14 demand modified, and when examined had two large pieces of ice in the two outlets. It is of the opinion of the bombardier and co-pilot that the ice was sufficient to obstruct exhalation. The fittings of the mask to the ship’s system were checked and it was found that the male plug would catch in the female before being fully inserted and that when inserted it had to be separated with a pair of pliers with an estimated 25 –30 pounds pull. The ball turret operator states that the mask was disconnected when the deceased was first seen. The last entry that was made in the radio operator’s log was at 12.35 hrs, three hours before landing, and about ten minutes after leaving the target. The ship was in no difficulty at the time and was not under at attack by flak or fighters. Upon further checks it was found that the male connection on the A-14 mask fit either into other connections in the same ship in a normal manner. The body of S/Sgt Hickman was taken to 121st Station Hospital, for autopsy by Capt Louis G. Ralston.
1st Lt Paul B. Gleichauf, 1st Lt Richard J. Neiderriter and Capt Harold L. Stralser completed their operation tour this date.
31 December – Thirty one aircraft of this command took off today with the target an airfield near Bordeaux, France. It was quite a long hop and the ships that did not have Tokyo tanks were supplied with bomb-bay tanks. The field here seemed clear enough at the time at the time of return was around 16.00 hrs, but for some reason or another there were Division orders to land somewhere else in southern England. As a result our aircraft were scattered all over the southern end of the island and the weather did close in here about 17.00 hrs.
We were very disappointed at not having the ships return because of the big party at the Officers Club on New Year’s Eve. We tried to fly down a couple of cases of Scotch but the ships were so scattered the idea was abandoned. Seven of the ships did not return to this base. The anticipated party went over with unusually good results and everyone, including this poor narrator, saw the old year out and the new year in with a healthy golden glow. There were no untoward incidents and I think it was the best party to date, however we were terribly disappointed in not having many of our crews here.
January 1944
JANUARY 1944
1 January – The medical department including most of the enlisted men were about the saddest bunch of soaks that I have ever seen. The reports had to get out just the same, however, being a Saturday as well as the first of the month.
One aircraft is confirmed as missing in action from yesterday’s raid.
MIA 535th /42-39910
Duarte, Earl B.
McCabe, Glen A.
Heintz, Cornelius A.
Grimball, Harry M.
Jevons, Russell N.
Balesh, Joseph H.
Norris, Howard B.
Smith, Albert H.
Martin, James E.
McDaniel, Powell H.
4 January – The target for today was Kiel, Germany, bombing altitude 26,000 ft and outside air temperature –52 degrees. Bombing was done by pathfinder through a 10/10th overcast. Lt Clore and crew, most of whom were on their 25th mission, caught fire after take off, salvoed their bombs and crash landed a few miles away at Sible Hedingham, killing the entire crew. Five were burned beyond recognition.
CAT E. 532nd A/42-31278
Clore, Cecil M
Newell, John W.
Waldman, Ralph J.
Dills, Marvin E.
Trainer, Walter M.
Bozzette, Salvatore
Howard, Named M.
Streicher, Richard L.
Robinson, Harold M
Ingmire, Richard E.
The enemy opposition was accurate flak and no fighters. No ships were lost in action. Lt Evans’s ship dropped its bomb-bay tank along with the bombs over the target area and had to land short, near Cawston, Norfolk. He was particularly low on gas and tried to come straight into the field without success, due to ice on the windshield. Attempting to go around, the ship crash landed, struck a ditch and did a 180 turn. Two men on the ship were killed as a result of the crash, bombardier, Lt Irving Kraut and Sgt Julius E. Rivers. Both men suffered from skull fractures. Three enlisted men: S/Sgt John H. Sasson, Sgt Julius E. Vargo and Sgt Delbert C. Rasey, were injured. The extent of their injuries were unknown at the time of writing.
Lt Larson become unconscious on the return from Kiel; he lost consciousness when he failed to connect his high pressure walk around bottle to his A-8 mask promptly enough. He was revived by the crew members. Lt Wilson had the stem of the bail out bottle in his mouth at 22,000 ft apparently with in sufficient pressure and he became unconscious. He regain consciousness at 13,000 ft with the additional oxygen from another bail-out bottle administered by another crewman. Another member of the same ship was anoxic, received frostbite of the hands, face and feet, severe and is now in the hospital. Additional data will be obtained.
5 January – Clear and cold as the very devil. Long underwear is the only slight protection. Briefing at 05.00 hrs; target, an airfield at Tours, France. Bombing altitude was 20,000 ft and outside air temperature – 26 degrees.
The target was bombed visually with good results. There were several fighter attacks described as mild, and no flak, while one ship was shot down by enemy fighters using rockets.
MIA 532nd E/42-30676
Zeman, Jack R.
Montgomery, Otis A.
Bisagna, Frank R.
Walker, William C.
Sinquefield, John W.
Givan, Burton A.
LeRoux, Harve A.
Cater, Francis B.
Chevraux, Raymond
Day, George M.
There was a meeting of 1st Bomb Division for all surgeons, equipment surgeons, and equipment officers. Their biggest beef was the number of deaths from lack of oxygen (eight from this division on one month), as against 22 in the Eighth Air Force in previous months. This poor narrator’s backside and brain became extremely weary and tired of the fat being chewed and felt as usual, that very little was being achieved.
Captain Charles L. York, from the 327th Station Hospital, an old colleague, was a visitor at the station this date.
6 January – Capt Bland and two enlisted men flew to Station 120, Attlebridge, to pick up the bodies of Lt Irving Kraut and Sgt Julius Rivera. Four of the crew members came back with them, and the other four are remaining in hospital.
7 January – Thirty aircraft, 29 from this command and one PFF took off at 07.45 hrs with the target, Ludwigshaven, Germany. Bombing altitude 28,000 ft, temperature – 38 centigrade. Bombing was done by pathfinder method through a 10/10ths overcast. There were several fighter attacks but most of them were described as light. Lt Wilson’s ship was seen to spiral down to the clouds far below and Lt Potenza states that the ship exploded. This is unconfirmed. The flak encountered was moderate and not too accurate. There were four abortions, one due to personnel failure. The pilot, Lt Bartlett, became ill at 15,000 ft and felt he was too weak to continue. There was no evidence of fear reaction.
MIA 534th M/42-3078
Wilson, Arden D.
McDonald, Donald J.
Connolly, Joseph F.
Ullom, Harry H.
Embach, John F.
Kucher, Peter
Geraghty, Robert J.
Sussek, Walter H.
Hawkins, George E.
Greco, Anthony E.
11 January – Thirty-three aircraft from this command took off at 08.00 hrs today, with the target as Oschersleben, Germany. Total distance was 978 miles, bombing altitude 20,000 ft and temperature – 32 centigrade.
Capt Briggs was in the lead ship, while Major Galliard took a ride in the weather ship and witnessed a beautiful sunrise above the overcast over the Channel. The dispersal of the sun’s rays by the overcast gave a multi-hued sky that had all the colors of a pretty fire burning without any motion. It was truly beautiful and worth arising at 04.00 hrs and missing breakfast, which I did. The assembly was normal except for two wings flying a collision course and the resulting divergence broke up both formations temporarily. We also saw two B-24 wings. The weather began closing in about 10.00 hrs and about 13.50 hrs the field was closed and it began to rain. The aircraft were diverted to Hardwick, Norfolk.
Eight aircraft were lost from this operation.
MIA 532nd N/42-37962
Saur, Robert V.
Capobianco, Frank
Miller, Philip R.
Warren, Douglas N.
Davis, Robert E.
Brogden, John P.
Prestwood, Howard F.
Keene, Bernard M.
Patterson, L.T.
Jones, James P.
MIA 533rd Z/42-29999
McEvoy, Matthew J.
Nitikin, Nicholas N.
Lipsky, Henry I.
Ingram, William H.
Johnson, Fred W.
Loehrer, Arthur T.
Wittwer, Weldon E.
Kracium, Eugene J.
Sexton, Mack Jr.
Trueblood, Jack G.
MIA 533rd V/42-3514
Chason, Billy F.
Mickelson, Henry
Walker, Lawrence D.
Gentile, Americus J.
Vollbrecht, Robert F.
Hydra, Carl S.
Martin, Raymond W.
Cobb, Thomas R.
Greenwood, Howard J.
Kudla, Steve A.
MIA 533rd R/42-31417
Klein, Ernest M.
Chelf, Paul C.
Counce, James
Gill, Louis H.
Pope, Howard A.
Soderstrom, Melvin
Wright, Stanley A.
Miskin, John E.
Schuitima, Edward
Bunworth, John S.
MIA 533rd U/42-37730
Crozier, Gordon W.
Van Ness, Sidney B.
Hannon, George A.
Monaco, Albert F.
Dideum, Clyde E.
Balmore, George
Osborne, Robert J.
Easley, Clifford W.
Giddens, Gordon W.
Purnell, Walter R.
MIA 533rd C/42-37719
Nason, Donald E.
Byser, Joseph J.
Anagnos, Athan
Fiery, Charles D.
Harrah, Buster T.
Lab, Ralph L.
Beus, Raymond C.
Stonich, Paul W.
Lantz, John R.
Whitney, George A.
MIA 533rd Q/42-5878
Perot, Wilfred R.
Jones, Dudley B.
Weaver, Robert N.
Faulconer, Adelbert
Daniels, O.K.
Jerinowski, John S.
Ball, Phillip M.
Bosley, Edwin B.
Turk, Walter H.
Graham, Thomas H.
MIA 534th G/42-3118
Larson, Austin G.
Wilson, Francis E.
Neff, Horace R.
Regan, George T.
Nix, Edwin A.
Trainer, Michael J.
Copeland, Milton D.
Defenbaugh, Ross N
Crawbuck, John
Williams, Alex
This group was flying high and apparently the high squadron was flying poor formation. Enemy fighters flew along side of the rank, picked the high squadron as the most likely target and attacked the formation. Another reason for our heavy loss was that two of the three divisions that were supposed to go into Germany was recalled because of weather.
A discussion was an aircrew captain, AB, revealed that he is adjusting quite well to the stress of combat. He states that his feeling is one of numbness toward eventualities rather than one of conflict between the pros and cons of the situation. He states that he is quite well, has no symptoms at all, and he feels capable of doing a job well. It was also agreed that in flying combat there is not the sensation of personal danger that there is in intimate conflict such as boxing.
In flying high altitude in the extreme cold depending upon oxygen for livelihood, and depending upon mechanical communication and seeing the earth so far below, gives the individual a sensation of being apart from it all, or living in a different world. The bursts of flak to not seem to have the same terrorizing effect that is experienced on the ground. It was further agreed that people are pretty much surprised when they get hit. AB always felt that if his ship was hit by flak the first thing he would do would be to bail out. On a recent mission flak exploded directly under him damaging the ship moderately and his first reaction was to check the engine instruments. Surprisingly enough the idea of bailing out did not enter his head at the time. He expressed the opinion that the battle on the ground between missions was much more hazardous that the mental processes during the mission. That would seem to be borne out by our observations.
The local talent G.I. show “Hey Joe” had its opening night last night and was a huge success. Most of the music and all of the script is original and Major Goodrum and associates are certainly to be commended.
17 January – A bachelor’s party was given by Major Gaillard for a group of fellow officers at the Colonel’s quarters this PM. Alcoholic beverages and food were served in great abundance. The bridegroom to be was the target of many famous and infamous remarks, all of which were taken in the spirit of fun. The party was greatly enjoyed by all and adjourned about 21.00 hrs. The food was prepared by the airmens’ mess which consisted of delicious hamburger, hot buns, french-fried potatoes, cake and appropriate sauces. The medical detachment kitchen personnel transported the food and dishes for the occasion.
Arrangements had been made with the medical department of the 121st Station Hospital, Braintree, to loan two medical officers to carry on the duties of this dispensary and quarters so that the medical officers at this station would be able to attend the nuptials of said Dorothy M. Nash and major Ernest Gaillard Jr., on the coming day. Captains King and Mosher arrived about 17.30 hrs and were billeted in sick quarters. The weather we hope will be held to its present inclement state and prevent a mission so that all the medical officers my attend the wedding. The four bomb squadron surgeons tossed coins to decide which two would remain in case the mission which was scheduled would materialize. Captains Bland and Ralston lost the toss and will remain in case the mission goes on.
18 January – The morning broke cloudy and moderately hazy to the delight of Captains Ralston and Bland. The mission had been scrubbed about midnight. About 09.15 hrs the station ordnance officers’ bus picked up the medical officers at sick quarters and in company with eight other officers from the base proceeded to London, stopping at the Savoy Hotel.
At the Savoy, several officers from other commands who were in London on the same mission joined our party and we proceeded to the Savoy Chapel where the main event of the day was to transpire. Promptly at high noon the ceremony begun in the rather picturesque chapel.
The bridegroom and best man, Lt Gaillard, appeared at the chancel simultaneously with the clergyman. The bride was escorted by her father with her sister as bridesmaid. They proceeded down the aisle to the accompaniment of Wagner’s Wedding March. Major Gaillard’s last few seconds of single blessedness were coming to a close. At this late hour no visible signs of a hasty retreat on the part of the bridegroom were evident. Vows were exchanged and the ceremony proceeded without interruption from the interested gallery of officers. There was a battery of photographers including Captain Hawkins, base photo officer, to take picture of the bride and groom on their departure from, the chapel. The bride was the quintessence of English pulchritude attired in a beautiful aquamarine gown with accessories to match. The groom was the epitome of tonsorial smartness in his best military garb, and as they posed for the photographers they exemplified the pinnacle of Anglo-American unity resplendent in their first taste of marital bliss.
As they proceeded down the aisle one of the casual officers in the audience remarked to a fellow officer, “Note the blushing bride”, whereupon he replied, “no, that is the first taste of V……”. After the battery of photographers had been satisfied, there was a hasty retreat to the Gondolier’s suite of the Savoy Hotel where the reception was held amid the clink of glasses, toasts to the bride and groom, and resounding cheers of friends and family and well wishes of the bride and groom. Hors d’oeuvres and buffet lunch were served to lesson the effects of champagne, wines and liqueurs served.
The climax came with the cutting of the cake by the bride and groom. The participants hope and feel they were successful in launching the happy couple on a long journey in the realm of matrimonial bliss.
21 January – Thirty six aircraft from this command were dispatched to the coastal area of France across the Channel to bomb “rocket gun” emplacements. All ships returned safely. Two squadrons released their bombs and two squadrons returned without bombing. There were no casualties from the mission.
22 January – Twelve aircraft from this command were sent on a Air-Sea rescue patrol this morning. All ships returned about 18.00 hrs with no casualties.
There were no missions for the next week. There were several briefings and one mission that was called back after flying over enemy territory. The only other unusual thing was that on 18 January – the only day in the year when there were no doctors from this station here – the semi-annual inspection was made!
29 January – This command provided 39 aircraft which took off in darkness at 07.30 hrs- target – Frankfurt, Germany. Pathfinder bombing was at 21,000 ft, with temperature at bombing altitude – 34 degrees.
The mission was delayed at take-off by a collapse of a portion of the perimeters track resulting in blocking of the following aircraft. Eventually all aircraft were airborne. The assembly was not carried out as planned and groups, wings and divisions were dispersed and intermingled. Flak was moderate and fighters did not bother our group, but they hit the following wing hard. The escort was P-51, P-47 and P-38 and was good. Two aircraft are missing.
MIA 534th G/42-38045
Mohnacky, Robert W.
Flood, Joe
Yake, William J.
Light, James A.
Gentch, Dale
Hagen, Elmer F.
Berg, Robert J.
Crugan, Joseph
Meyer, Russell A.
Schenck, Peter
MIA 534th K/42-37884
Mickow, Lawrence H.
Hennessey, William
Wendell, Roy E. Jr
Maguire, Hugh E.
Pierson, Glendon B.
Chandler, Julian R.
Ayers, George
Dwyer, Jack E.
Nersinger, Raymond G
Fabianski, Joseph E.
There were nine abortions – one due to personnel failure; S/Sgt Thomas G. Lawrence, 535th RWG. This gunner began to note pains in his abdomen on ascending to altitude. When the plane was at 21,000 ft, the pains were so severe that he could bear them no longer, and were doubling him up. The other waist gunner called the co-pilot as the patient was unable to do so. He states that he was unable to belch or pass any flatus per rectum. After about ten minutes at this altitude it was necessary to descend in order to get relief.
The pilot made a rather rapid descent, and Lawrence was able to belch and pass flatus per rectum and obtain marked relief. His crew states that he passes great quantities of gas frequently. There was no vomiting or diarrhea, and when patient returned to the ground he was perfectly comfortable and felt normal. When examined at station sick quarters immediately after landing, there were no abnormal finds. He was returned to operational status.
There was one man wounded by 30 cal. machine gun bullet in the right chest. The flak suit was responsible for preventing death or serious injury. Diagnosis and statement by enlisted man: Sgt Raymond M. Castellano, 534th RWG – 1. Wound, lacerated superficial, ½” x 3”, over eighth rib, posterior, auxiliary line, right. 2. Contusion, of chest wall, posterior line, over eighth rib, this man was admitted to station sick quarters. Statement: In no fewer words can I say, “I’ll live by my flak suit. The Frankfurt mission convinced me of that.”
We passed over the target, encountering but light flak. Our ship was left stranded, on turning off the target, which was a perfect target for “Jerry”. He thought so too, for here they came – six of them, one right after another, attacking us from the tail. I was firing at them from my tight waist position, as they peeled off. Three of the 109’s made their attack. Number 4 is coming in said the tail gunner. I could see pieces of the vertical stabilizer fly off. Then a hole was made, near the escape hatch. For the moment I hadn’t realized that the bullet not only penetrated the ship’s skin, but mine as well. I felt my side, it was burning. I called the pilot and asked if we were free from fighter attacks. Someone answered with a loud `No’. But that didn’t make me feel any too good.
My side began to burn more, so I finally called the pilot and told him I had been hit. He instructed the radio man to come to my aid, which he did. I was taken to the radio room, where medical aid was given me by the radio operator. I asked him if the wound was bad and he told me that it was only a deep one. As I laid in the radio room, I wondered if it was the medal of St Christopher, that kept the bullet from penetrating the chest wall. At this time the radio man pointed to my flak suit, and there was a hole, made by a .30 cal bullet, at the appropriate position of my abdomen.
I’m getting the Purple Heart for my wound. If it weren’t for the flak suit, I’d be getting the Purple Heart posthumously. The bullet, a .30 cal, went through the suit, knocking one of the pieces out. It careened off another piece, penetrating my A-3 jacket, heated suit, shirt, underwear, and then opened my skin. I was lucky that it didn’t hit any of the electric wires in my suit.
To sum it up you can say – flak suit saves gunner from serious injury. Fellows – wear that flak suit. I can’t write anything that may impress you more, so I’ll say again “Flak suit, I love you.”
Statement by flight surgeon – “There is little doubt that the flak suit saved this soldier from death or serious injury.”
The morale of the crews seems quite good, but the increased number of new crews, losses, and graduates makes it increasingly difficult to know the men personally.
Inspection of the medical detachment this date revealed most things are in their usual good condition.
The 533rd BS party was held at the Post Theater and was enjoyed by all.
30 January – As dawn was breaking this beautiful day, 31 aircraft from this command took off for the target of Brunswick, Germany. Bombing altitude 20,000 ft by pathfinder method. The fighter escort was of P-51s, P-38’s and P-47’s but the target was 10/10ths overcast. Three aircraft are missing.
MIA 533rd W/42-29761
Steele, Henry D.
Settle, James R.
Anderson, Robert F.
Flores, Leopold L.
Beach, Perry E.
Eason, Wilbert E.
Lee, Harry F.
Hlynsky, Peter
Holtz, Harold A.
Welch, Paul O.
MIA 533rd MS-T/42-31047
Deering, Robert P.
Williams, Robert P.
Barer, David
Crabtree, Paul O.
Horne, Wardell H.
Richards, Andrew H.
Husvar, Floyd L.
Scott, Wallace K.
Jackson, Lloyd E.
Sanford, Loren L.
MIA 535th P/42-30029
Baer, Carl O.
Remple, Robert C.
Van Hise, Malcolm
Palas, Henry G.
Vogelbaugh, Robert
Moore, John F.
Phillipuk, Phillip
Rigat, James
Tully, John T.
Meyers, Edward J.
Lt Baer and crew are thought to be in dinghies in the North Sea and an Air-Sea rescue has been dispatched. He was flying on ship #029 called “Chap’s Flying Circus”, the last of the original aircraft.
There were several fighter attacks that were not persistent and the flak was described as mild. The group was led by Major Fitzgerald and Capt Hecker. There were no wounded or injured, who two ship aborted because of mechanical oxygen trouble.
February 1944
FEBRUARY 1944
3 February – Briefing was held at 05.00 hrs this morning and the target announced was Wilhelmshafen, Germany. Bombing altitude was 25,000 ft, actually made at 28,500 ft. The increased altitude was due to the heavy condensation trails, which even at increased altitude, impaired visibility markedly and prevented good formation flying. The target area was 10/10th overcast and bombing done by pathfinder. Outside air temperature was – 43 degrees and there were five mild cases of frostbite, one placed in sick quarters.
No ships were lost and flak and fighters almost negligible. Thirty three aircraft from this command took part in the raid, Captain Briggs leading the group and reported what he believed to be a German B-17 flying alone over Germany, out of range.
A Medical Board, under Major Ernest Gaillard, Jr. was convened today to determine the mental status of Pvt J. of the 532nd BS. The case history was filed and he was found to be constitutional inadequate. Recommendation was made that he to held accountable for his acts and that he be discharged from the service.
4 February – Briefing at 05.15 hrs this frigid morning was take off at 08.45 hrs, with 33 aircraft from this command took off for the target, two areas in the city of Frankfurt, Germany. Bombing was by pathfinder through 10/10th overcast, from 20,000 ft where the outside temperature was – 35 degrees.
The briefing route avoided most flak areas but the route taken went over the heart of the Ruhr Valley both going in and coming out. All ships returned to base. There was no enemy fighter opposition and friendly fighters escorted the whole distance, P-47s, P-51s and P-38s were used.
There were no killed or wounded. Lt Kuhl had #3 and #4 engines knocked out by flak over Germany and displayed great courage and tenacity brought the ship home more than three hours after the formation. The landing gear would not come down and a beautiful crash-landing was made. Most of us had given the ship up for lost. Lt Fastrup’s co-pilot hit the landing gear switch instead of the flap switch and the ship collapsed on runway 28.
The body of 1st Lt Carl O. Baer, was washed ashore at Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, last night. When he ditched on 30 January he was in good spirits and wise-cracking on the radio. He will be buried at the U.S. Military Cemetery at Cambridge.
5 February – Twenty eight aircraft from this command took off at 07.45 hrs with the target designated as an airfield at St Avord, in France, just west of Bourges. The Air Division was led by Lt Col. Hall. Bombing was at 16,000 ft and hits were right on the nose in excellent visibility, while no flak or fighters were encountered. There were no wounded, no missing in action and no aircraft were damaged. A perfect mission.
The only event of the day was on landing when one ship could not get the ball turret guns out of the down position and had to grind them off on landing. We have had briefings seven out of the last eight mornings and five missions flown. The crews are in good shape.
6 February – This command provided 33 aircraft which took off for Nancy, France, the target being an airdrome. The weather was overcast and the ships returned without dropping bombs.
Lt Putek and crew were near the target when there was an explosion near the T.T. which set off flares and a severe blaze ensued. The ship landed at Dunkeswell, a U.S. Navy field, near Taunton, Devon. The ship had many 20m and flak holes, the nose was shot out, the ball turret shot up and partially burned, the cockpit windows shattered and rolled back while the wings and fuselage was riddled with bullets. Three officers bailed our over France and the following were injured and hospitalized at the 67th General Hospital, Taunton.
C/Landed 535th /42-40025
Putek, Henry
Coffman, Alfred T.
MIA
Blalock, Conrad M
Christiansen, Harvey
French, Lifford N
WIA
Burgasser, Herbert J.
French – 2nd degree burns; Burgasser – facial wounds through flak.
Major Gaillard and Capt Bland visited the wounded on 8 February.
10 February – The ships were dispatched and recalled on 9 February, thus command called for a practice mission today.
For the past two weeks the medical department has been having quite a lot of psychiatric activity. There has been a Section VIII Board on Pvt J. 532nd – a case of hysterical amnesia; 2nd Lt H. 534th ; and a psychoses of unclassified type in Pvt S. 534th. Several consultations have been held on patients found not to be psychotic.
11 February – It was dark when 33 aircraft from this command took off at 07.15 hrs after an 04.15 hrs briefing (the sack is sure hard to leave at 03.30 hrs!). The target was Frankfurt, Germany, the bombing altitude 25,000 ft by pathfinder method through thick 10/10th overcast, in minus 45 degrees centigrade.
The group was led by Col Leber, who also led the Air Division. There were two pathfinder aircraft and the target was hit by visual bombing and the results thought to be good.
MIA 532nd G/42-31099
Laux, Robert V.
Harrer, Donald G.
Wright, Phlemon T.
Doyle, Judson F.
Holton, John L.
Helfgott, Abe. A.
Hamilton, Richard C.
Cutino, Rudolph
Glennan, Thomas J.
Barr, Henry R.
Three men were wounded in action, as follows:-
S/Sgt Richard G. Morrison, 532nd BTG. 1. Wound, perforating, left ankle, entrance above & posterior to internal mallcolus, exit posterior and proximal to lateral mallcolus, mod. Severe. Caused by 30 cal bullet, high velocity.
1st Lt George A. Hoffman, 535th; received minor abrasions, ½ “ medial to left nipple.
S/Sgt Charles L. Carter, 534th ETTG, suffered burn, 2nd degree, left heel.
Contrary to expectancy there were only three cases of frostbite, and one was on the cheek of a previously bitten right waist gunner.
The men do not seem unusually tired after this mission and did not run into any strong enemy opposition.
19 February – The weather has been stinko for the past eight days and no operational missions have been flown.
On Monday, Feb. 14, a dinner meeting was held for the commanding officers and surgeons in the group and an attempt was made to present the psychiatric problems and their dispositions that confront the Eighth Air Force. All were kind enough to listen attentively but the memory of the hamburgers seems to remain a bit longer than the pearls of wisdom that were given by this poor narrator.
The chief topic of the week among the medical officers has been who was going on pass. I think I will settle the question in the near future and go on pass myself!
We had several accidents during the week. The first, Cpl John Vodden, of the British RASC, suffered a compound fracture of the right tibia and fibula and lacerations about the face, when he continued to travel when his motor cycle had stopped. His commanding officer, Major Lloyd, gave me an Achtung salute as he entered, and yours truly thought he was being addressed by the G.I. Joe of the army until the major identified himself. He turned out to be quite a cocoa guzzler and I believe only pride kept him from polishing off his third cup in as many minutes. Cpl Vodden was sent to the 121st Station Hospital at Braintree.
Later in the afternoon one of our own G.I.’s Cpl Irving T. Rossman, of the 533rd BS, was cutting wood and attempted to bisect his foot along with the log. He was given plasma before evacuation on account he was in shock.
To top Captain Bland’s rather interesting tour of duty, he was called to see two soldiers that a jeep had apparently taken off the base without permission and said jeep had piled into the truck that was returning with the local band. The two injured men were: Pvt Clarence J. Caswell, 534th BS. Diagnosis: 1. Wound. lacerated, cheek and sub orbital region, left, moderate severity and mild, respectively; 2. Wound. Lacerated face, leg, middle third, left, moderate severe.
Sgt Johnny T. Mills, 535th BS. Diagnosis: 1, Abrasions and contusions of forelegs, moderate severe. 2. Sock, post-traumatic.
Poor Captain Bland finally got to bed at 4 am, and with the bed clothes rising and falling about four foot with each respiration gave articulate evidence that said Captain Bland was completely pooped upon retiring. He was able to sit up and take nourishment about noon the following day.
20 February – Today was the busiest day of the war as far as the number of ships dispatched was concerned. Two groups, a total of 47 aircraft, attacked the targets (two) in Germany, one was Leipzig and the other Auschersleben. The effort was directed at German fighter production. One aircraft is missing.
A top turret gunner, T/Sgt Edward J. Senk, 533rd, was killed apparently by a 50. cal. machine gun bullet while over friendly territory. A tail gunner, S/Sgt Johnnie U. Gibson, 532nd, received a compound fracture of the right forearm with extensive tissue destruction from an enemy 30. cal. bullet. He was evacuated to the 121st Station Hospital, Braintree; another gunner was wounded mildly in the face by flak, S/Sgt Richard L. Walters, 532nd, but he returned to duty. One case of frostbite occurred.
MIA 532nd N/42-3562
Cogswell, Kirch J.
Borrego, William
Meehan, William R.
Espinosa, Lorenzo
Leccese, Raymond J.
Urban, Frank O.
Durnin, Joseph L.
Duncan, Charles E.
Kangas, John V.
Miller, Wilfred L.
The officers’ dance of the month was held this evening, most of the time during a red alert which no one knew about or wouldn’t have cared if they did know, and the party was one of the most successful we have had. The guests were Lt. Col. W.R. Martin and Major George S. Robinson.
21 February – Briefing at 05.30 hrs this clear but cold, frosty morning. Most of us were a bit under the weather as a result of the previous evening’s activities and it was with a shaking hand and aching head that most of us attended the briefing. Thirty three aircraft from this command took off with 12 500lb bombs- bombing altitude 22,000 ft- outside air temperature – 36 degrees, the target being Ascher, Germany, which was not the primary target. The results were excellent.
All the ships returned from this mission. Lt Mackintosh’s ship, of the 535th BS, was hit in the nose and the bombardier, 2nd Lt William F. Piekarski and navigator, 2nd Lt Allen E. Bergreen, bailed out. The co-pilot went down and put the fire out and the ship was brought safely back to the base. T/Sgt John D. Sinclair, 533rd, was injured by mild fragment wounds in both feet. This was his 25th mission.
The fighter support was good on the way in and fair on the way out. Fighter attack was intense for some combat wings, but slight for this one.
22 February – Briefing was at 05.30 hrs for the 32 aircraft that took off at 06.30 hrs with the primary target an aircraft factory at Oschersleben, Germany. Due to weather condition the rendezvous was again messed up and all but 13 of the aircraft returned to base without being unable to assemble or join the group. The returning crews reported intense fighter opposition.
Two crews landed short at another base and only five returned to the home base. Six crews were lost during aerial combat. T/Sgt Fred F. Berg was flying top turret in the lead ship and received severe cold injury of the hands which was the result of having to crank up the bomb bay doors without gloves, his 25th mission.
MIA 532nd M/42-31443
Flaherty, Francis J.
Hoffer, John I.
Austin, Russell D.
Farrell, William R.
Bright, Notra J.
Roe, John P.
Larson, Burling
Krzyzak, Henry R.
Bukowski, Casimir L.
Butler, Arthur N.
MIA 533rd Z/42-97474
Fridgen, Francis N.
Waller, David E.
Ehmann, Paul J.
Palmer, Phillip
Brennan, Robert
Reilly, William J.
Bartle, Garrett M.
Abernathy, Walter
Gaby, Oliver G.
Slayton, Lowell E.
MIA 533rd /42-39946
Roling, Hal B.
Bull, Raymond A.
Jackson, John R. Jr
Soled, Milton
Jemiolo, John
Thompson, Asbury
Ruark, William L.
Martin, Othel L.
Day, George W.
Eggert, Robert D.
MIA 535th S/42-39895
Smith, Lee W.
Evans, Rowland H.
Meier, Leonard P.
Kaufman, Harold
Kemper, Harold C.
Zappala, John C.
Larson, Lester P.
Solway, Reginald C
Manning, Andrew F.
Eden, Lawrence V.
MIA 535th /42-31696
Hustedt, Henry
Mauzey, Keith S.
Hert, Oral H.
Inglis, Stanley B.
Tell, Arthur R.
Rodriguez, Abel.
Russo, Rocco F.
Kuracina, Vito R.
Hanna, Leslie J
Pingel, Robert C.
MIA 535th U/42-31533
Downey, Charles H.
Herdlicka, Donald
Hicks, John D.
Evans, James C.
Chauvin, Miller P.
Matheson, Earl E.
Scheik, Earl B.
Phillips, Norman E.
Carini, Adolph V.
Sorbino, Joseph G.
24 February – Briefing was at 05.30 hrs and take off at 08.30 hrs for the 32 aircraft of this command, but six aborted and three crews got back to the field early enough to make a second take off and join the group at rendezvous point. The target was the ball-bearing plant at Schweinfurt, Germany. This is the third trip to this target made by the group and it fell to the honour of Major Shackley to lead the combat wing, his third trip to Schweinfurt.
The weather over the continent was ideal and the crews all reported unusually satisfactory bombing results. The primary target had been hit previous to our bomb run. Fighter cover was reported as being the best yet and no doubt is the reason for all our aircraft returning, though some had received battle damage of a major nature.
A 532nd gunner of Lt Fastrup’s crew, Sgt William F. Seifermann, received a wound from a piece of flak which came in the left window of the tail assembly and apparently struck him at the right side of the base of the neck posteriorly and then came out through the left sterne cloide muscle just above the point of its insertion. He had received excellent first aid care by members of the crew and particularly the radio operator, Sgt Dick, is to be commended for keeping oxygen going to him constantly until their return to this field.
Captain Ralston met the plane on the runway and immediately began preparations to administer blood plasma to the stricken gunner who was in the radio room on the floor. There was no radial pulse obtained, pallor, and he was in extreme shock. He was conscious and attempted to mutter something at intervals, but his mutterings were unintelligible. He had not received morphine and several members of the crew stated he asked not to be given morphine at the time of the injury. He could not move any of his extremities.
Captain Ralston started plasma in each arm and three units were given on the plane. His condition had improved slightly and it was felt by the three medical officers that were present that it was safe to remove him from the plane by the Neil-Robinson litter to the station sick quarters. He was brought to sick quarters about 15.30 hrs after a fourth unit of plasma and there was a noticeable improvement in his condition. The radial pulse was present and blood pressure was about 70/40.
He received Holy Sacrament by the chaplain. About 1/6th of a grain of morphine was given and a 9th unit of plasma was started. About 17.00 hrs he was transported by ambulance to the 121st Station Hospital, Braintree with the plasma running. He was accompanied by Capt Cohler and six or eight potential blood donors were taken to the hospital on a separate ambulance. He arrived at Braintree and according to Capt Cohler he was only slightly weaker than when he left sick quarters. X-ray at the hospital revealed a compound, comminuted fracture of the 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae. However this gunner died two days later of his injuries.
25 February – This morning briefing was at 05.45 hrs, for the 32 aircraft which took off at 08.45 hrs, target, the main assembly building for Messerschmitt fighters and an adjoining school for training purposes, at Augsburg, Germany. The returning crews reported the weather being excellent with visibility unlimited, and a good concentration of bombs in the target area. Flak at the target area was moderately heavy, but fairly accurate.
Two aircraft failed to return to the field; Lt Kels, 533rd, landed at an airfield near the coast, while Lt Henderson, 532nd, was seen to go out of formation apparently under control of the plane and some crews reported seeing his plane burning on the ground later. There were no battle casualties, and only the one plane was lost. The mission was the longest flown by the group, the distance being, 1,380 miles. The first planes home touched down about 17.30 hrs.
MIA 532nd B/42-37786
Henderson, Donald G.
Fournier, Jack H.
Wonning, Earl H.
De Rose, Nicholas J.
Ramos, Raoul B.
Burgess, Boyd E.
Korkuc, Anthony J.
Bartolo, Anthony J.
Hunnicut, Thomas R.
Schilling, Dale L.
March 1944
MARCH 1944
2 March – Thirty six aircraft from this command took off at 08.30 hrs with the designated target Frankfurt, Germany. Bombing altitude was 25,000 ft and air temperature was – 45 degrees. The weather was clear over England, but there was 6-8/10th cloudiness over the target. Bombing was done by pathfinder and the bomb run was thought to be good. Major Briggs led the first group and Capt Wood, the second.
One 533rd ship was lost, Lt Schultz and crew, knocked down by flak near the target. Eight chutes were seen to leave the ship while it was still under control. No enemy fighters were encountered. The remainder of the ships returned safely to the base. There were no killed or wounded, although there were two cases of frostbite reported, while Sgt Marden, of Lt Fastrup’s crew, 532nd, reported in with a very severe case of bilateral aero-atitis and was admitted to sick quarters.
MIA 533rd V/42-39891
Schultz, Eugene
Plemmons, Howard
Neeves, Arthur E. Jr
Hearn, William D.
Kulivinski, John W.
McHaffey, Hubert
Trapell, Robert M.
Farr, John T.
Abramo, Nicholas J.
Today the author of these notes was a professional witness at a court martial where they asked him a lot of silly questions, such as “Do you keep records in your hospital?” and “What are the stages of drunkeness?”, to which this old sage replied that he did not know the classification of drunkeness in stages and asked for enlightenment. I don’t believe I contributed much either for or against. Lt C D was on trial and was fined $100.00 a month for 12 months, just for hitting Lt Keating.
3 March – Today 36 aircraft were ordered to a ball-bearing factory at Oldenburg, 16 miles east of Berlin, Germany, but the Air Division commander scrubbed the mission when just inside the enemy coast. The approach was overcast over the north Baltic Sea. The mission was scrubbed because of the weather, but Lt Rogers and his crew are missing in action. The remaining aircraft returned safely to base and there were no wounded and only two cases of frost bite.
MIA 534th K/42-37986
Rogers, Robert H.
Mills, Edgar J.
McGrath, Francis R.
Taylor, Harold E.
Moses, John
Meyer, Russell E.
Casey, Elbert R.
Jernigan, Cecil L.
Poch, Phillip L.
Taylor, Warren G.
4 March – Today the same mission was briefed with the approach over the continent instead of over the sea. On take off Lt Kuhl’s ship caught fire in #3 engine. It was finally brought under control. Nine other aircraft aborted, one by personal failure, Sgt Theodore A. Betela, 532nd, became airsick and his pilot had to return.
This EM has been airsick seven or eight times previously while training in the phases, and his pilot Lt Rickerson had tried to replace him without success. A recommendation has been sent the squadron CO requesting that he be permanently grounded and removed from flying status.
The formation was briefed for 21,000 ft, but due to haze the formation climbed to 25,000 ft and eventually ran into weather so bade they had to return. A target of opportunity was bombed by pathfinder and was identified as Cologne, Germany. They encountered dense flak over the target area and Lt Keyes and crews failed to return to this base.
MIA 532nd J/42-30151
Keyes, David D.
Beal, Richard C.
Lynch, Ralph W.
Hughes, John C.
Van Voorhis, Charles C.
Fair, John L.
Simone, Theodore R.
Hullett, Dail E.
Levandoski, Henry
Davis, Eugene
On yesterday’s mission Lt Hytinen had the unusual experience of climb up through the clouds and when he broke out he was leading the formation all right, but the rest of the formation were FW 190s. No other aircraft were in sight, but nobody shot at anybody and some of the fighters peeled off to hit the group below.
Because of the large number of personnel abortions (non-medical), a meeting of all flying personnel was held in two sessions, one for officers and one for enlisted men, at which time the group policy regarding groundings and abortions was outlined by command. The policy is to be more severe and only in exceptional circumstances will individuals be grounded immediately before missions and any pilot that aborts without adequate cause will be handled by disciplinary action according to the merits of the cases.
6 March – Thirty aircraft from this command took off at 08.00 hrs this morning – target, Erkner, Germany, a ball-bearing factory 15 miles east of Berlin. Capt Wood led this group and we furnished the high squadron in the composite group. Bombing altitude was 21,000 ft, the outside air temperature was – 50 degrees, with undercast was two to four tenths, and observed bombing results were said to be good.
Many enemy fighters were encountered, FW 190s. ME 109s and JU 88s. The flak was heavy over the target area and over Osnabruck Germany, on the way in. Lts Coyle and Haushalter were seen to leave the formation with an engine on fire somewhere near the I.P. Lt Fastrup also lost an engine, but I don’t know just where.
Lt Cahill also lost an engine over Osnabruck on the way in, dropped his bombs to keep up with the formation but was unable to. He left the formation and finally had to ditch just off North Foreland, which is at the south-east end of the Thames Estuary. This crew is said to be intact and uninjured and they are at the RAF hospital at Manston, with Captains Cohler and Fricks are on their way to pick them up.
There was considerable damage to most of the aircraft that returned, but most of the damage is not major. The crew members seemed quite happy to see Ridgewell again but are convinced that the back of the Luftwaffe is not broken.
Only one man was wounded, Sgt Emery Y. Naha, 535th TG; diagnosis: 1. Wound, penetrating, mild, infra-scapula region, right, at posterior axillary line, caused by explosion of 20mm cannon shell near the ship.
MIA 532nd A/42-31448
Fastrup, Milton A.
Mann, Edward C.
King, Martin P.
Atkinson, Howard
* S/Sgt
Glauer, Raymond R.
Estle, Elmer E.
Snyder, John S.
Shorten, Christoph.
Provonsha, William
Dynan, George J.
* Toggler, sometimes taking over as bombardier.
MIA 533rd S/43-3215
Coyle, Richard W.
Wierman, John B
Hassletine, Robert E.
Baker, Robert J.
Seabaugh, Albert C.
Smith, Peter W.
Mendoza, Daniel
Legg, Raymond F
Mueller, John E.
Schultz, Louis C.
MIA 534th B/42-31553
Haushalter, Edward E
Hensley, Herman
Schuit, Richard R.
Herrick, John W.
Lee, Harry E.
Nisbet, Richard
Greevy, Edward J.
Langston, Everett
Alfaro, Ralph A.
Jones, Eldon P.
There has been an increase recently in the respiratory disease incidence and it has just about reached the peak in November. We know of no cause for it other than insufficient fuel and we have submitted a certificate to the quartermaster stating we felt that additional fuel was necessary. This certificate was submitted a month ago and no action has been taken yet.
After take off this morning this poor scribe took himself to bed and was awakened with difficulty some five hours later. To be awake and alert instead of tired and dopy from a lack of sleep is indeed a good feeling, and if possible I intend to log more sack time in the near future.
8 March – Our target was again Erkner, Germany, a suburb of Berlin. Col Kunkle and Capt Hecker led the formation and the target was attacked by 21 aircraft from this command. One ship aborted. Lt Pirtle was seen to abort well inside enemy territory and this was the last news we have of him.
Bombing altitude was 25,000 ft and temperature, minus 40 degrees. The weather was beautifully clear and visibility was up to 100 miles and many of the large German cities could be seen en route. The city of Berlin was plainly visible and landmarks easily identified. The target area, a ball-bearing factory, was hit by the formation that preceded us, and lead bombardier, Capt Hester, led the bombs right on the target. The fighter escort met us at the scheduled time and place and not one enemy fighter was seen by this group.
Flak was only moderate in the target area and the outer guns of Berlin’s defences were almost at ineffective range.
There were no killed or wounded. The crews were tired after the long mission, 08.45 hrs to 17.30 hrs, but were mildly euphoric over their good fortune, by destroying their objective and not encountering any enemy attacks of any significance. It has been quite a while since the medical department has had any real work to do on the return of a mission and I hope that our good fortune continues.
MIA 532nd M/42-38029
Pirtle, Thomas A.
Schlintz, Paul H.
Stern, Milton W.
Cooper, Harry F.
Cassody, George W.
Burrows, Robert W.
Kinney, William C.
Warren, James W.
Estep, James E. Jr
Bull, William L.
Sgt Michael C. Babines Jr, 534th BS, was fatally injured at 19.30 hrs today. He was on the flight deck of an aircraft and three engines had been started, #4 engine caught fire and this man hastily got out of the escape hatch and ran into #2 propeller. He was brought into station sick quarters by ambulance, and immediately taken to 121st Station Hospital, Braintree, where he died at 00.30 hrs.
His diagnosis is as follows: A) Concussion, cerebral, severe. B) Fracture, skull, multiple, severe; C) Contusion, rt hand, rt are, rt parictal area, of skull, severe; D) Deceased. His remains are to be interred at the American Military Cemetery, Cambridge.
9 March – It sure gets early quick these days. Seven of the last eight mornings this poor scribe has arisen at 5am or before. Thirty one ships from this command took off with the target again a suburb of Berlin, a bomber assembly plant and airfield at an outlying district. Take off was at 08.00 hrs and the briefed weather was 500 –1,000 ft over England with the top at 4,000 ft and scattered clouds over the target area about 6-8/10ths cover. The mission returned to this base without loss and without having seen a single enemy fighter. The target was completely overcast and bombing was by pathfinder method. The target could not be located so the group bombed Berlin instead. Bombing was done at 25,000 ft.
On the return trip due to an error in navigation, the group flew over Hanover and flak was encountered. One man was wounded, Sgt William D. Ingram, 535th who was evacuated to the 121st Station Hospital, Braintree. He received a flak wound in the right thigh. Lt Hoffman completed his operational tour this date.
16 March – Thirty three aircraft from this command took off for a 1,300 mile round trip with an airfield just 20 miles from Munich as the target. Bombing was done at 21,000 ft through a 10/10th overcast by pathfinder method. All ships returned safely to the base.
There was one man injured, T/Sgt John T. Eylens, 533rd, who suffered a burn, 2nd degree of right thenar eminence, and a burn, 1st degree, right hand. This was caused by trying to put out a fire in the cockpit of Lt Duncan’s ship, but the RWG T/Sgt William J. Yanzek, jumped out over enemy territory when the fire started and he is confirm as MIA.
The liquor ration was issued to combat crews at the briefing block hut just before they were interrogated. Most of them seemed to like the idea, but I am not convinced that it has the real value, nor am I convinced of the idea of having the medical department associated with a bottle of whiskey. At the present time we are doing about as much catering as we are medical work and at every mission we dole out carbohydrates, coffee, cookies and now whiskey.
For the past three days Major Stokes and Capt Weishart, attached to the Eighth Air Force, were visitors on this station. Capt Cohler is attending school in London on ear surgery.
18 March – Thirty three aircraft from this command took off at 08.00 hrs with the target the Dornier aircraft factory and airfield at Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, south west of Munich. Bombing was at 22,500 ft, visibility good, and direct hits on the directives were observed. Flak was light in the target area and only one group of enemy fighters were seen and these were quickly scattered by friendly fighters. The temperature at bombing altitude was 41 degrees below. All ships returned safely to this base. There were no killed or wounded.
Lt Robert Miller, 534th completed his operational tour and buzzed the tower on three engines.
19 March – The monthly officers dance was held this date and this poor scribe having been saddled with the job of entertainment chairman did his utmost to entertain and straighten out a very unfunny comedy of errors. Transportation, chorus girls, food, lodgings, towels, whiskey, money, visitors, uninvited guests, inebriates, broken glass, spilled ice cream, etc., etc., all added to the collective merriment and my misery. Most of my energies in the coming month are going to be directed to relieve myself of the responsibility. The delegation of duties has already begun. It is the opinion of many of the members that this was the best party we have had to date.
20 March – Frankfurt, Germany was the target for 30 aircraft of this command, which were led by Major Briggs and Lt Silvernale. The group was scattered over the target due to poor weather, and six ships failed to return to this base.
Lts Urban, Williams and Schomburg landed at Exeter; Lt Monahan at Harrowbeer and Lt Wilson at Predannack, all in the west of England. Lt McIntosh and crew have not been heard from and when last contacted they were over the Atlantic, south of England, and had been give orders to ditch. Air-Sea rescue and fighters were on their way.
No significant opposition was encountered either by flak or fighters. It is of the opinion of the pilots that flew the mission that the higher headquarters were in error in sending them on this mission.
MIA 535th O/42-31381
McIntosh, George
Fowler, Robert J.
Rabay, Nicholas R.
Dittus, Carl W.
Dever, Harry F.
Rose, Russell M.
Carson, Garland C.
Matcham, Robert S.
Copp, Eugene F.
Craig, Clyde V.
Mr Lawrence Smith, of Cambridge, Mass., a war correspondent, serving under the Surgeon General, with the duty of depicting war medicine pictorially, is visiting at this station. He was sent to this base by Col Wright of the Air Division who seemed to think we had a bit more atmosphere than most. (You can construe this last remark in your own light!).
Captain Milton N. Bland went on his leave to Scotland today and Capt Bernard H. Cohler returned from his trip to London.
22 March – This command provided 30 aircraft which took off at 07.30 hrs with the target designated as Berlin, Germany. Bombing altitude was 25,000 ft and outside temperature was – 31 degrees. Major Osce V. Jones led the group.
The target was 10/10th overcast and the secondary target (in Berlin) was bombed by pathfinder method. All the aircraft returned safely to this base about 16.30 hrs which was one long flight. Enemy fighters were seen but none attacked. Flak was light and inaccurate.
Last night during an air raid, two German planes were shot down and there were two parachutists in the vicinity. Station Defense and Home Guard were called and had a hell of a good time catching them. Unfortunately the culprits were apprehended by the Home Guard rather than our own stalwarts.
2nd Lt Clifford W. Collum, 533rd, walked into a propeller of an aircraft prior to the mission and was killed instantly. His diagnosis is: Fracture, compound, comminuted, skull, left frontal and parietal regions with complete evisceration of brain. Accident occurred about 06.15 hrs. The remains were taken to the American Military Cemetery at Cambridge.
Captain Odell L. Dannenbrink, M.C., arrived at this station today and is assigned to the 7th Station Complement Squadron, from the Eighth Air Force Replacement Depot, at Stone, in Stafforshire.
23 March – Thirty three aircraft took off at 06.45 hrs after briefing at 03.45 hrs, the target an airfield south east of the Ruhr. Bombing altitude was 20,000 ft with outside air temperature – 31 degrees. The group was led by Col Kunkel with Major Halsey as deputy, and the 381st led the combat wing. The target was completely overcast and the city of Hamm was attacked through broken cloud cover and bombed successfully. All aircraft returned safely to this base at 15.15 hrs.
24 March – Another early start saw 22 aircraft from this command take off at 05.45 hrs after a briefing at 02.45 hrs. The designated target was Schweinfurt, Germany, the ball-bearing factory that has been hit by the group before. Bombing altitude was 20,000 ft, but the weather was lousy from the word go. Crews were briefed for three cloud layers but ran into bad weather all the way and had heavy, dense clouds at flight altitude in the bombing area.
One bombardier reported the two 532nd ships collided in mid-air. One exploded and the other left the formation damaged. On take off a third ship, flown by Lt Haynes, hit the ground about four miles from the base at Bailey Hill, Farm, Birdbrook, then exploded in the air. Seven identified bodies have been recovered and parts of the other three bodies have been found. The crash was strewn over an area of about 700 yards with engines an props at almost unbelievable distances from the scene of the explosion.
CTO 532nd A/42-38102
Haynes, Kenneth T. Jr
Bemis, Ralph Jr
Cusson, Edmund P.
Stahlecker, Harry J.
KIA*
Sauld, Edward N.
Loparco, Harry C.
Herrera, Zeke P.
Ham, Kenneth M.
Mahaffey, Donald B.
Plows, Arthur M.
* By exclusion.
MIA 532nd E/42-40008
Thomson, Thomas P.
Bowen George A.
Brzoska, Walter
Neville, Edward J.
Holub, Libor J.
Poquette, Howard R.
Hickey, Paul A.
Bollinger, Hubert S.
Draa, Clyde C.
Cavalieri, Rinaldo
MIA 532nd K/42-31490
Rickerson, John A.
Wilson, Donald M.
Oneschak, Walter
Hammer, Edward J.
Wilbur, Gerard B.
Williams, Durwood I.
Lujan, Alfredo
Phelps, John R.
Sanzone, Paul B.
La More, Thomas L.
2nd Lt Michael W. Buschbaum, 534th bombardier, was wounded by flak which came through the nose, and his diagnosis is: 1. Fracture, simple, 2nd phalanx, 4th finger, ft. hand. 2. Wound, contused, minor, on dorsal of 4th and 5th fingers of right hand.
The ships returned about 15.00 hrs and landed in haze with visibility down to one mile.
26 March – Captain George J. Pease returned after a month at the 303rd Station Hospital yesterday. Capt Cohler accompanied the bodies of the Birdbrook crash to the U.S. Military Cemetery at Cambridge.
After an 03.45 hrs briefing of a target in Germany, the mission was scrubbed before take-off, but 33 ships took off at 13.00 hrs for targets in the Pas de Calais area with visible bombing to be done by the individual squadrons at an altitude of 20,000 ft. The mission was uneventful, especially the lack of flak, and all the aircraft returned to base.
There was a tie-up on take off when a ship went through the perimeter track and blocked six aircraft, so take off was slightly delayed.
Lts David A. McCarthy and Connors C. Meyers completed their operational tour of 25 missions.
27 March – Twenty nine aircraft from this command took off about 10.00 hrs following a briefing at 05.45 hrs with a scheduled take off at 06.45 hrs. The target was an airfield at St Jean D’Angely, which is in the south of France, not too far from the Spanish border. The weather here was fog and haze up to about 4,000 ft and beautifully clear over the continent and up to the target area.
The bombs were away on the target and Capt. Hester, lead bombardier, states that the hangar (M.P.I.) opened up like a flower and a breeze carried the smoke away in time for the composite group to blast it again. Bombing altitude was 22,500 ft. No one was wounded or killed and all the ships returned to the base.
There was no enemy fighter opposition, and flak was light and inaccurate, while the fighter escort was superb. The crews described it as the perfect mission, however all the crews were rather tired following the long haul and the return to this base was around 17.50 hrs, which makes a total of 16-18 hrs of very hard work.
28 March- Briefing at 05.30 hrs and the scheduled take off at 08.30 hrs actually took off at 10.30 hrs because of haze, the target today being an airfield north of Rheims, France. Bombing altitude was around 18,000 ft and the enemy coast was crossed at 20,000 ft. Here again bombing was visual and quite successful, while the fight support was very good, and flak over the target area was light but accurate.
Lt Liddle caught some flak in one of his engines and they caught fire over the south of England. All the crew bailed out and the ship was put on A.F.C.M. (automatic pilot) and headed towards Germany, but unfortunately it crashed in England. All crew members returned safely to base.
Lt Dan Henry brought his 534th ship back to the field and from the control tower with the aid of field glasses a large through and through hole was seen just back of the waist windows where a direct hit had killed both waist gunners, Sgt James P. Norcom and Sgt Richard Toler and presumably tail gunner S/Sgt Frank Kurtz. The rudder and elevator controls were shot out and Lt Henry was flying the ship on A.F.C.M. Five crew members bailed out over the field and after driving over ploughed field, through woods, over ruts and ditches I finally rounded up four of them but missed the last who was wounded, S/Sgt Carl Mongrue, had been picked up by the British and received treatment at station sick quarters by the time I arrived.
Lt Henry and co-pilot Lt Chrisler, headed the ship out to sea and jumped about ten miles this side of the coast, both returning safely to base. The crew was heavily sedated and we are going to sent them to a rest home.
Ditched 534th K/42-37754
Henry, Daniel C.
RET
Chrisler Robert W.
Beardsworth, Fred
Jaciak, Rudolph J.
Quaresma, Sebastian
Mongrue, Carl A.
Wheatley, Kyle B.
Toler, Richard
Norcom, James F.
Kurtz, Frank J.
S/Sgt Mongrue’s diagnosis is as follows: he was sent to the 12st Station Hospital at Braintree. 1. Wound. Penetrating, mild, 3 ½” distal to the olcerahan on the posterior portion of the forearm.
Captain Dannenbrink was transferred to the group at Bassingbourn after a long stay of three/four days! Capt Bland returned from his trip to Scotland today, while Lt Col Shuller visited the station this date.
Also of personal interest if not medical interest was this poor scribe’s unheralded and ungracious fall from one of the genus equus, the first time since the summer of 1941. She was a thoroughbred mare who had not been ridden for a number of months and while going at full trot I was urging her forward when her front legs collided and I did a full somersault remaining in the air for an interminable length of time and finally landed smack on my back. Dazed and undaunted I remounted and rode her home.
29 March – Briefing was at 07.00 hrs this morning, when 33 aircraft took off for Brunswick, Germany with an aircraft assembly factory as the target with the airfield the primary target. The 381st was leading the combat wing, in very poor weather and there was little likelihood of visual bombing.
On the way home formation’s return to the base were about an hour late arriving and the weather was closing in rapidly, visibility being less than a mile when the first ships landed and by the time the last one landed it was much less with all heavy drizzle and rain.
Only 20 aircraft returned to home base, the other 13 landing at various R.A.F. and U.S.A.A.F. bases. The following crews are still at the bases listed below, during this writing (30th March): Lt Renick – Wratting Common; Lt Meyers – Bassingbourn; Lt Hesse – Mildenhall; Lt Bradner – Chedburgh; Lt Moore – Snetterton Heath; Lt Urban – Debenham.
No aircraft were lost and the crews reported intense fighter attacks in the target area. Major Halsey’s ship received direct hits from 20mm cannon shells which knocked him out of formation but he was escorted home by numerous friendly fighters. Ship #781 of the 533rd got a direct hit in the waist and both waist gunners, Sgts Fred Lawson and Rutherford Clark, recieved multiple, minor wounds from fragments of the exploding 20mm cannon shell. The RO on Lt Mullane’s ship, S/Sgt Phillip Smith, received a mild, penetrating wound, posterior aspect, left thigh, also as a result of exploding 20mm cannon shell.
Sqd Ldr Brown arrived at this station to acquaint himeself with our methods of handling operations. Medical care, etc., while Capt Ralston went to the R.A.F. Gransden Lodge for seven days for the same purpose. Capt Wymer went to the Eighth Air Force Rest Home, Lymington, Hampshire, as medical officer in charge for a period of seven days.
31 March – Lt Wayne G. Schomburg, Capt Paul M. Stull and four enlisted men: T/Sgt Charles L. Carter, T/Sgt Donald B. Carr, T/Sgt Melvin F. Wilson and Pfc Albert McClain, all of the 534th BS, were killed when the aircraft they were flying stalled on approach and hit the ground at about a 45 degree angle. It is generally assumed, but without proof, that Capt Stull, an engineering officer, was attempting to land the aircraft. His interest in flying has long been known to me and I know he obtained as much artificial stick time as possible.
Capt Stull and T/Sgt Carr were identified by dog tags, Lt Schomburg by unburned V-Mail letter in his pocket and by his wallet; T/Sgt Wilson by dental identification; T/Sgt Carter by dental examination and Pfc McClain by exclusion. The bodies were taken to the U.S. Military Cemetery at Cambridge.
April 1944
APRIL 1944
8 April – Thirty nine aircraft from this command took off in rain at 10.45 hrs and a 05.45 hrs briefing, for Oldenburg, Germany, an airfield being the target. Bombing altitude was 20,000 ft, with outside temperature at minus 23 degrees Centigrade. The 91st BG led the Combat Wing and considerable flak was encountered over the target and in the Wilhelmshaven area. All aircraft returned safely to this base and the only event of the day was the crash landing of Lt Bond, because the landing gear would not come down. There were no casualties and the crew were sedated after the incident.
9 April – Easter Sunday and the longest mission of the war was scheduled for us with the target in Poland. The flight was to last 11 ½ hrs and everybody would have been completely exhausted, for the big party planned this evening. When a short way over the North Sea the mission was scrubbed because of weather. The party will probably go on OK now. This morning on take off, Lt Soeder, 535th, nosed up at the end of the runway. There were no injuries.
10 April – Approximately 30 aircraft from this command took off this morning at 06.30 hrs with aircraft to attack at airfield at Brussels, Belgium. The bombing altitude was 22,000 ft and first reports indicate that bombing was good. All crews returned safely to the base. There were no casualties. The monthly party was held Easter, yesterday, and seemed to be enjoyed by all.
11 April – Thirty five aircraft took off from this command at 07.15 hrs and 07.45 hrs for targets south east of Berlin, factories at Cottbus and Sorau being the objectives. The total distance as 1,450 miles and the planes were in the air for 10 hours and 20 minutes which is indeed a long and tail wearying haul. The undercast was complete when the enemy coast was reached and was 6/10th from then on out. Bombing was done visually and results were good. One aircraft is missing, Lt Hesse, having lost two engines near the target area. It was seen to go down under control.
The aircraft returned to base about 18.00 hrs and the crews did not seem unduly fatigued. Hooch was served.
MIA 534th N/42-31497
Hesse, Robert W.
Gatewood, Robert W.
Noga, Theodore F.
Bach, Leo S.
Hollenbeck, Brua A.
Sexton, Frank C.
Blanch, Bernard A.
Nelson, Alvin L.
None
Puryear, Roy A.
Major Ernest Gaillard entertained Captains Wymer and Ralston and Mr Lawrence Smith, war correspondent, at their country home last evening. Also Major Kidd, S-2.
13 April – Thirty three aircraft from this command took off at 10.00 hrs with the target, for the fourth time in the history of the group, the ball-bearing factory at Schweinfurt, Germany. The 381st Group was led by Major Halsey and the Composite Group